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Parenthetical Citations

 

 

 

 

 

Page SetupAlphabetizingAuthorsTitlesCore ElementsOptional ElementsTypes of Sources

I. Page Set Up

  • continue the pagination

    • in the upper right corner

  • “Works Cited”

    • centered

    • no bold, no underlining

    • no ALLCAPS, no quotation marks

  • Works Cited v. Works Consulted:

    • Works Cited = only those works CITED in the paper

    • Works Consulted = ALL works read for the project, whether or not they were cited in the paper

      • so this would be longer than a Works Cited page

      • this would contain all those on a Works Cited page + more

  • Reverse Indent each source

    • do not indent line #1

    • indent lines 2+

  • Alphabetize the list

    • do not use bullets (to separate each source)

    • do not use numbers (to order the list)

    • alphabetize by the author’s last name

II. ALPHABETIZING TIPS

 

  • Authors:

  • alphabetize by the 1st letter of the Last Name

    • Albertson before Fredericks before Josephs before Smitty before Weymouth

  • if the Last Names are the same, then alphabetize by the First Names--

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Bush, Barbara.

    • Bush, Laura.

  • Hyphens:

  • consider the hyphenated elements of a name as a single unit

  • so alphabetize by the 1st letter listed

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Day-Lewis, Daniel.

    • Louis-Dreyfus, Julia.
       

  • no author:

  • alphabetize by the First Letter of the Next Item in the Bibliographic Citation

  • (usually the “Article Title.”)

*UNLESS that word is a DEFINITE ARTICLE (A, An, The)

  • ignore these when they start a title

  • & alphabetize by the next word

  • “The Sad Truth about Clowns.”

  • Stillman, Jerod.

  • Trumble, Tiffany.

*NUMBERS that START TITLES

  • numbers are treated as if they were spelled out

  • 1968 = Nineteen Sixty-Eight & alphabetized under “N”

  • 2016 = Two Thousand Sixteen & alphabetized under “T”

  • “Save Baseball from Itself."

  • “755:  Still the Number to Beat.”

  • Sharona, Hank. “Keep Cheaters out of the Record Books.”

  • if the Article Titles are exactly the same, then go to the next item in the bibliographic citation

  • EXAMPLE:

    • “Causes of Fibromyalgia.” CommonDisorders.com.

    • “Causes of Fibromyalgia.” Fibromyalgia.org. 

  • Prefix:
  • consider a prefix as part of the name
    • & alphabetize by it
  • consider the prefixes Mac and Mc exactly as they are spelled & alphabetize by the "m-a-c" & "m-c"
  • consider a name such as O’Reilly as one word, and ignore the apostrophe
    • alphabetize by "o-r"
  • EXAMPLE:
    • MacAffe, Sean.
    • McArthur, Murphy.
    • O’Shay, Sharon.
    • O’Sullivan, Mark.
  • Sullivan, Mark.
  • Treat the prefixes Saint, San, Santa, Santo, St., and Ste. exactly as they are spelled
  • EXAMPLE:
    • Saint Sebastian, Martha.
    • San Gerano, Sherry.
       

  • More than 1 work by the same Author

  • replace the name after the 1st  time with 3 hyphens + period

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Smith, Jayne. “The Clinical History of Fibromyalgia.”

    •  ---. “Fibromyalgia and Men.”

  • Organizations:
  • treat each word in the name of an organization as a separate unit
  • and consider the units in the same order as they are written on the letterhead or some other authoritative document

 

 

  • Online Usernames
  • ignore @ symbols
  • and alphabetize by the next letter
  • EXAMPLE:
    • Clarke, Davis.
    • @DarthGrammar.
    • Denis, Guy.

III. AUTHORS

 

  • 0 Author

  • no “Anonymous”

  • no “N/A”

  • *start with the next item in the bibliographic citation (usually the “Article Title.”)

  • EXAMPLE:

  • “Fibromyalgia Causes.” Fibromyalgia.org. …

  • 1 Author

  • Last Name + comma + First Name + period

  • Last Name + comma + First Name + Middle Initial or Middle Name + period

  • Last Name + comma + First Name + Middle Initial/ Name + comma + suffix + period

*REVERSE the FIRST ONLY*

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Smith, Jayne.

    • Jameson, J. Jonah.

    • Williams, Clarence, III.

    • King, Martin Luther, Jr.

  • *no degrees or titles (Dr., Fr., Sir, PhD, MD, DDS)

  • 2 Authors

  • *REVERSE the FIRST ONLY*

  • Last Name + comma + First Name + comma + and (spelled out) + First Name + Last Name + period

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Smith, Jayne, and John Schmigliessa.

    • Davis, Sammy, Jr., and Frank Sinatra.

  • 3+ Authors

  • *REVERSE the FIRST ONLY*

  • Last Name + comma + First Name + comma + et al.

  • Since “et al.” is an abbreviation, a period comes after it -- Do not use a 2nd period after it.

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Smith, Jayne, et al.

    • Merkerson, S. Epatha, et al.

  • Online Handles, Usernames, Pseudonyms

  • treat these as Authors

  • EXAMPLE:

    • @grammarnerd. “Rules for caps. in titles.”….

    • Grammar, Darth. “I Find Your Lack of Commas Disturbing.”….

  • Corporate Author

  • any group whose members are not identified  individually on title page

  • institution, association, commission, organization, government agencies, committee

  • EXAMPLE:

    • American Citation Group.

    • Pennsylvania, Office of the Attorney General, Ethics Committee.

  • *These next few =

  • YOUR FOCUS

  • NOT on the work as a whole

  • BUT on the individual’s role

    • her/his individual contribution to the work

  • Editor

  • collection of works by multiple authors considered as a whole (not by single work within the collection)

  • AND your FOCUS is on the collection as a whole (& not by a single work within the collection)

  • Last + comma + First + comma + editor + period

  • *do not capitalize “editor”

  • *treat editor names as author names (reverse 1st)

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Schmigliessa, John, editor.

  • Translator

  • a work is translated from another language AND your FOCUS is on the translation

  • Last + comma + First + comma + translator + period

  • *do not capitalize “translator”

  • *treat translator names as author names (reverse 1st)

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Smith, Jayne, and John Schmigliessa, translators.

  • *author of the original:

    • comes after the Source Title. + “By” (capitalized) + First + Last.

    • Weaver, William, translator. Foucault’s Pendulum. By Umberto Eco.

  • Director, Screenwriter, Creator, Performer

  • (of TV show, movie)

  • your FOCUS = on the individual contribution (as opposed to the whole work)

  • Last, First + comma + that role.

  • *do not capitalize “role”

  • *treat role names as author names (reverse 1st)

  • EXAMPLE:

    • Smith, Jayne, director.

    • Schmigliessa, John, performer.

IV. TITLES

 

  • PERIODS:

    • Place a period at the end of the title

    • *place the period INSIDE the Quotation Marks

    • EXAMPLE:

      • “The Symptoms of Fibromyalgia.”

      • As You Like It.

  • CAPITALIZE the major words in a title--

*CAPITALIZATION*

ALWAYS Capitalize

Do NOT Capitalize

  • First & Last Words

  • Nouns, Pronouns,

  • Verbs (Is, Am, Are)

  • Adjectives, Adverbs

  • Subordinating Conjunctions

  • Long Prepositions (5+ letters)

  • **EVEN IF they are not capitalized in the original

  • *EXCEPTION = "Untitled Works" (see below)

  • Definite Articles (a, an, the)

  • Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, yet, or, nor, for, so)

  • Short Prepositions (in, on, of, up, next)

  • ** UNLESS they Begin or End a title

 

*SUBTITLES*

  • If a source includes a subtitle

  • Then you MUST include the full title in your bibliographic citation

  • Main Title + colon + Subtitle.

  • EXAMPLE:

  • Fibromyalgia: The Diagnostic History.

 

  • *EXCEPTION:

  • If the Main Title ends with an exclamation point (!) or question mark (?), then do NOT use a colon

  • Main Title! Subtitle.

  • EXAMPLE:

  • “Eureka! We Have Found Another Earth.”

  • “Should America Outlaw Clowns? South Carolina Agrees.”

 

 *QUOTATION MARKS vs. ITALICS*

“QUOTATION MARKS”:

ITALICS:

  • articles, chapters

  •  

  •  

  • television or radio episodes

  • essays, short stories, novellas

  • short poems, 1-act plays

  • photographs

  • blog entries, social media posts

  • songs 

  • books, databases, collections of short

  • scholarly journals, magazines

  • newspapers, Web sites

  • movies, TV shows, video games

  • pamphlets, brochures, novels

  • epic poems, plays

  • work of art, paintings, sculptures

  • ships, trains, aircraft, spacecraft

  • court cases, compact discs/albums

 

*EXCEPTIONS*

Quotation Marks EXCEPTIONS

Italics EXCEPTIONS

  • QM = not placed around these

  • & not capitalized in text

  • divisions of a work

    • preface, introduction

    • index, appendix

    • act, scene

    • canto, stanza, chapter

  • Scripture – books of the Bible, Koran, Upanishads

    • (BUT:  versions/editions of these = italicized)

  • laws, acts, treaties

  • musical compositions identified by Key, Number, Form

  • conferences, seminars, webinars, workshops, courses

 

*UNTITLED WORKS*

  • *untitled poem:

    • most are known by their 1st lines

    • reproduce the first line as it appears

    • capitalize only what is capitalized in the original

    • “When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes.”

    • “I’m Nobody! Who are you?”

  • e-mail:

    • Treat the SUBJECT as the title

    • Capitalize as necessary

    • “Re: class today.”

  • tweet:

    • Full text, no changes to capitalization

    • @alienelephant. “I was there I saw it he did he did - #Hanshot1st.”

  • other cases:

    • give a description of the work (comment, review)

    • no “QM” around the title

    • no italics for the title

    • capitalize only the 1st word

  • untitled online comment to an article:

    • Comment on “Article Title.”

  • untitled movie or book review:

    • Review of Foucault’s Pendulum.

 

 

*TITLES within TITLES*

Source Titles with QUOTATION MARKS

Source Titles with ITALICS

  • if the TITLE WITHIN is normally italicized

    • then keep it italicized

    • “The Overlooked Humor of Hamlet”

  • if the TITLE WITHIN is “normally placed inside quotation marks”

    • then change those to ‘single quotation marks’ inside the double quotes

    • (single within a double)

    • “O’Connor’s Use of Violence in ‘A Good Man Is Hard to Find’ and ‘Good Country People’”

  • if the TITLE WITHIN is “normally placed inside quotation marks,”

    • then keep “quotation marks” around that title

    • while italicizing the entirety

    • A Collection of Essays on “The Cask of Amontillado”

  • if the TITLE WITHIN is normally italicized

    • then do not italicize it while italicizing the rest of the Source Title

    • The Prism Effect in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth
       

 

V. CORE ELEMENTS

  • Author.

  • 0 author:  leave blank, go to next element

  • 1 author: Last, First + period

  • 2 authors:  Last, First, and First Last + period

  • 3+ authors:  Last, First, et al + period

  • Editor of Anthologies:  Last, First, editor + period

  • Movie Director:  Last, First, director + period

  • *do NOT include PROFESSIONAL DEGREES or TITLES

    • no PhD, MD, Dr., Fr.

  • + period

  • Title of  Source.

"Quotation Marks"

Italics:

  • part of a whole (“short”)

  • articles, chapters, blog entries

  • songs, TV or radio episodes, 1-act plays

  • short stories, essays, short poems, photographs

  • the whole; self-contained work (“long”)

  • books, movies, video games

  • court cases, plays, novels

  • brochures, pamphlets

  • work of art, sculpture, paintings

  • + period

    • *period = INSIDE the Quotation Marks

  • CONTAINER

  • “contains” a number of works

  • “contains" your source

  • gives information re: where & how the source can be found

  • 7 parts

  • *EXCEPTION:  some sources contain 2+ Containers

    • DATABASES, e-Books, Streaming Services (Netflix)

  • Title of Container,
  • your source = part of a whole; that whole = the container
    • journal, magazine, newspaper, site, TV series, CD
  • italicized + comma
    • Shakespeare Quarterly, Newsweek, New York Times,
  • + comma

  • Other Contributors,
  • roles other than Author =
    • edited, translated, illustrated, narrated, adapted, introduced
    • directed, performance (either those relevant to you or “marquee names”)
  • not abbreviated
  • capitalized after period (1st word only)
  • not capitalized after comma
    • Book + period + Capital Letter + “by” (lower case) + First Last + comma
    • Site + comma + NO capital letter + “by” (lower case) + First Last + comma
    • Foucault’s Pendulum. Translated by William Weaver,
    • Umberto Eco Tribute Page, edited by John Schmigliessa,
  • + comma

  • Version,
  • special edition of a work, movie, video game
  • version of software or phone app
  • not abbreviated
  • capitalized after period (1st word only)
  • not capitalized after comma
    • book: The DaVinci Code. Illustrated edition,  
    • site:  Dan Brown Fan Site, version 2.0,
  • EDITIONS:
    • revised, updated, expanded, special editions,
    • numbered edition (ordinal number + ed.)
    • collector’s edition, or director’s cut or 7th edition,
  • VERSIONS:
    • unabridged, numbered version
    • version 6.1.2,
  • + comma

  • Number,
  • Scholarly Journals often have volumes and/issue numbers
  • as do Multi-Volume Works (too long to fit in one)
  • VOLUME and ISSUE
    • vol. + comma + no. + comma
    • vol.5, no.22,
  • or SEASON & EPISODE of TV shows
    • season 10, episode 3,
    • (“season” & “episode” spelled out)
  • + comma

  • Publisher,

  • BOOKS, TV SHOWS, MOVIES—

    • abbreviate “University Press” as UP

    • omit words/abbreviations for Co., Inc., Corp., Ltd.

    • TV shows & movies often have multiple sources –

      • choose the primary producer or distributor (listed 1st)

  • SITES—

    • publisher, school, sponsoring organization

    • look for the Copyright Date © at the bottom of the page

    • omit publisher for journals, magazines, newspapers

    • omit publisher for personal blogs

    • omit publisher for site with the same name*

    • omit publisher for “warehouses” not responsible for the content or work (*databases, YouTube, WordPress)

  • + comma

  • Publication Date,
  • DATE of PUBLICATION
    • latest date of publication
    • (revised, edited)(most recent edition or version)
  • *FORMAT =
    • full OR mo. + year OR year only
    • Day Month Year
    • 10 Oct. 2010,
    • Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  • TV Shows & Movies:
    • year only
    • *if your focus = on the historical context of the episode, then full date
    • *DVD sets = year of DVD release +  comma + disc #.
    • 2012, disc 2.
  • COMMENTS: (to online articles or posts)
    • often include time of post, too
    • 13 Sept. 2016, 11:47 a.m.,
  • *DATE of ACCESS: 
    • for works frequently updated (online works)
    • or, for works with no visible Date of Publication
    • *after the URL
    • Accessed + date + period
  • + comma

  • Location.
  • PRINT SOURCES:
    • Page Numbers—
      • “p.” for page or “pp.” for pages
      • in a range of pages, limit the 2nd number to 2 digits (132-45)
      • pp.36-75.
  • ONLINE SOURCES:
    • *E-books—
      • no “Kindle” or “Nook” needed
      • no page number (as they vary by device)
      • use chapter # (ch.4) or part # (part 6)
    • Web Sites—
      • a) DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
        • *preferred
        • doi + colon + number + period
      • b) permalink
        • under the “share” button
      • c) URL (Universal Resource Locator)
        • do not use shortened link
        • do not use “http://” for any URL
        • do not use <carets> around any URL
        • *break URLs after single slash (/) only
    • Live Performances—
      • use the venue & city as the location
      • venue + comma + city + period
      • Palace Hotel Ballroom, Chicago.
  • + period
    • end ALL types of sources with a period
      • (like a sentence)
    • CONTINUOUS PAGINATION:
      • use the range of pages--
      • pp. 44-80, pp. 123-34, pp. 1176-91
    • NON-CONTINUOUS PAGINATION:
      • use the 1st page number and "+"
      • pp.65+

 

VI. OPTIONAL ELEMENTS

  •  BONUS INFORMATION:

    • this information is not required

      • but may help readers find the source easier

    • PLACEMENT =

      • either in the middle, after the core elements they relate to

        • "Article Title." Original Publication Date. Container Title,

      • or at the end, after the "location"

        • Location + period + Bonus Info + period

  • *DATE of ACCESS: 

  • for works frequently updated (online works)

  • or, for works with no visible Date of Publication

  • *after the Location (DOI or URL)

  • Accessed + date + period

  • Accessed 25 Dec. 2025.

  • *LIVE PRESENTATION:

    • lecture, presentation, keynote address, performance, production

      • or any other unusual type of source:  transcript, post-production discussion

    • *after the Location (DOI or URL)

    • use a descriptive term + period

    • Gregory, House. "Idiots!" DrHouse.com, 5 May 2010. Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital, Princeton. Lecture.

  • *REPRINT:

    • if published previously in a similar form,

      • you can add the date after the "Title of Source."+ period + Title of Container,

      • Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Black Cat." 1843. Poe's Collected Works,

    • if published previously in a different form,

      • then you can add this information after the Location + Originally published in + period

      • Johnson, Barbara. "My Monster / My Self." The Barbara Johnson Reader: The Surprise of Otherness, edited by Melissa Feurstein et al., Duke UP, 2014. pp. 179-90. Originally published in Diacritics, vol. 12, no. 2, 1982, pp. 2-10.

        • (MLA 53)

  • CONGRESSIONAL Bills, Reports, Resolutions

    • *after the Location (DOI or URL)

    • add the number, session, & chamber of Congress

    • & specify the document's type & number

    • United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006. 109th Congress, 2nd session, House Report 615.

      • (MLA 53)

VII. TYPES of SOURCES

 

Articles from a WEB SITE
  • Last, First. "Article." Site Name, Site Publisher If Needed, Date of Publication (most recent), Location (DOI or permalink or URL).

  • Add the ACCESS DATE -- after the Location -- if the no Date of Publication is apparent OR if the works are frequently updated:
  • Last, First. "Article." Site Name, Date of Publication (most recent), Location. Accessed + Date.

Articles from a SCHOLARLY JOURNAL
  • SCHOLARLY JOURNALS are --
    • devoted to a singular subject
    • written by experts in the field
    • often reviewed and edited by experts in the field (peer reviewed, peer edited)
    • with usually higher levels of diction (jargon, argot)
    • & they often have VOLUME & ISSUE NUMBERS
      • so in addition to the typical Periodical information
      • these will include the volume and issue numbers -- before the publishing date
  • PRINT COPY:
  • Last, First. "Article." Journal Name, volume number, issue number, Date of Publication (most recent), page numbers.

  • ONLINE VERSION:

  • Last, First. "Article." Journal Site, volume, issue number, Date of Publication, URL. Access Date.

  • if the source is found in print AND online

    • then include the page numbers

  • if the source is an online-only journal

    • then the page numbers are not necessary

    • *if the page numbers are given (if they appear onscreen), then include them

 

Articles in NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES
  • *this will be the same for Newspapers & Magazines
  • Last, First. “Article.” Newspaper, date, page number/s.
    • for the page number, include the section if it has one

  • EDITIONS:
    • some newspapers have editions, too:
    • morning edition, late edition, special edition

  • UNKNOWN PAPER:
    • for lesser-known or local newspapers, identify the city (if it is not in the paper’s name)
    • in [brackets]
    • without italics
    • *add the state to the city if the newspaper is obscure or if the city name is a commonly used one
      • Oxford is the name of several cities in the US (not to mention the more famous UK one):  MS, AR, CT, FL, GA, ...

  • ONLINE NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE:
    • typical information + URL. Access date.
    • Last, First. "Article." Newspaper Name, Date of Publication, Location, URL. Accessed + Date.

 

REPRINTS

  • if published previously in a similar form,

    • you can add the date after the "Title of Source."+ period + Title of Container,

    • Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Black Cat." 1843. Poe's Collected Works,

  • if published previously in a different form,

    • then you can add this information after the Location + Originally published in + period

 

Articles from a DATABASE
  • Database or other electronic subscription service
  • *2 CONTAINERS:
    1. the original publishing information
    2. the database from which you retrieved the article
  • Last, First. "Article." Journal Name, volume number, issue number, Date of Publication (most recent), page numbers. Database Name, Database Publisher (optional), Location (DOI or permalink or URL).

 

ARTICLES from a GOVERNMENT SOURCE
  • ONLINE:
    • without an author:
      • the government hierarchy is used as the "Corporate Author"
      • start with the government & then proceed – in hierarchal order – through the agencies, bureaus, departments, divisions
        • Matryoshka (nesting) dolls: pecking order
        • United States, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases.
      • each item separated by a COMMA
      • government = federal (United States) or state (Maryland)

    • with an author:
      • treat the source as a typical "Web Article"
      • Last, First. "Article." Site, Site Publisher [*this is where the government comes in], post date, URL. Access date.

  • PRINT:
    • treat as above re: the authors
    • GPO: Government Printing Office = publisher of most government documents
      • United States, Dept. of Equivocation. Global Warming vs. Climate Change. Government Printing Office, 2015.
    • the Congressional information may be added after the final period:
      • United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Overreactions, Subcommittee on Public Fear. The Mayan Apocalypse. Government Printing Office, 2012. 101st Congress, 4th session, Senate Resolution 666.
  • CONGRESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS:
    • this material is considered "optional"
    • and would be added at the end of the traditional source

    • *after the Location (DOI or URL)

      • add the number, session, & chamber of Congress

      • & specify the document's type & number

    • United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006. 109th Congress, 2nd session, House Report 615.

      • (MLA 53)

 

BOOKS, E-Books, Pamphlets, Brochures, Reference Books, Bible

*BOOK*

  • Last, First. Book Title. Publisher, date of publication.
    • (a period comes after the book title because it is a self-contained whole)
    • no city of publisher
    • most recent date of publication

  • if “other contributors" exist (editor, translator), add before the publisher – capitalize the role after a period (. Edited by First Last,)
  • if volumes or issue numbers exist, include them too – before the publisher

*E-BOOK: or Digital Archive*

  • like a database:
  • 2 containers--
    • Original publishing information.
    • E-book source.
    • ACLS Humanities E-book, Google Books, HathiTrust Digital Library, Project Gutenberg
    • E-book name + comma + URL.
  • Last, First. Book Title. Publisher, date of publication. E-book Name, URL.
  • Stephens, Robert. Millennium: Poems. UR So Vain, 2001. Google Books, books.google.com/books9834975-97nv.
  • Stephens, Robert. Juvenalia. Bad Poetry, 1999. Project Gutenberg, gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38945/pg432.
  • From MLA p.34 (book published online) –
    • Gikandi, Simon. Ngugu wa Thiong’o. Cambridge UP, 2000. ACLS Humanities E-book, hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.07588.0001.001.
  • From MLA p.35 (short story in a collection, which is published online) —
    • Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Masque of the Red Death.” The Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe, edited by James A. Harrison, vol. 4, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1902, pp. 250-58. HathiTrust Digital Library, babel.hathitrust.org/cg/   pt?d=coo.31924079574368;view=1up;seq=266.

*PAMPHLETS, BROCHURES*

  • = same as books
  • with or without an author
  • Wylde, Caliban. The Good Old Days. Prospero Books, 2011.
  • The Strange Islands of the Mediterranean. Milan UP, 2002.

*BIBLE*

  • Book Name. Version, other contributors, publisher, date of publication.
  • The Bible. Version, other contributors, publisher, date of publication.
  • The Bible. Authorized LeBron James Version, CavHeatCav, 2016.
  • The New Monotone Bible. Edited by Ben Stein, Singleday, 2016.

*REFERENCE WORKS*

  • dictionaries, encyclopedias
  • *if the source is familiar—
    • no publisher information
    • no volume number
    • “Term.” Source, edition, Date of Publication.
    • “Nice.” Dictionary of Terms, 3rd edition, 2013.
  • *if the source is unfamiliar—
    • Last, First. “Term.” Source, edited by First Last, publisher, year.
    • Rollins, Fredrick. “Incense.” Rollin’s Encyclopedia, edited by Maryann Collinsworth, FirstTake, 2012.
  • *online version—
    • add the URL. Access date. after the year of publication
    • “Hinterland.” E-Dictionary, 2016, www.edictionary.net/search/hinterland. Accessed 11 June 2007.

 

MOVIES, TV SHOWS, MUSIC

*MOVIES*

  • Movies: Theatrical Release:
    • Movie Title. Directed by, performances by, studio, release date (year only).
    • Eddie and the Cruisers. Directed by Martin Davidson, performances by Tom Berenger and Michael Pare, MGM, 1983.
    • *if you wanted to highlight, focus on, or stress a particular performer, you would start with that name—
    • Martin Davidson, director and screenwriter. Eddie and the Cruisers. MGM, 1983.
  • Movies on DVD/Blu-Ray:
    • Film Title. Year of Original Release (optional). Directed by, performances by, Distributor of DVD, year of DVD release.
    • Casablanca. 1943. Directed by Michael Curtiz, performances by Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Paul Henreid, Warner Bros., 2012.
  • Movies on ISS
    • ISS: Internet Streaming Service
      • such as Hulu, Amazon Prime, Netflix, Google Play
    • like Database: 2 containers
      • original publishing information
      • ISS information
    • Movie Title. Directed by, performances by, studio, release date. ISS Name, URL.
    • Aliens. Directed by James Cameron, performances by Sigourney Weaver and Lance Henriksen, Twentieth Century Fox, 18 July 1986. Netflix, www.netflix.com/jc8488ft%aa86.
  • Movie REVIEW:
    • in print
    • Reviewer/Author. “Review Article Title.” Review of Reviewed Movie’s Title, directed by First Last. Source Title, Site Publisher (if necessary), date of publication, page number.
    • Williams, Sherika. “Another Racist Movie.” Rev. of White Men Can’t Dance, dir. Kim Dullwit. Movies R Us, 31 Apr. 2007, pp. 36-39.
    • online
    • same as above + Site Publisher (if necessary), URL. Access date.
    • Lopes, Garcia. “The Junk in Junkyard.” Rev. of Junkyard Dog, dir. Sylvester Ritter. Online Film Reviews, The Critics’ Corner, 23 Jan. 2008. www.thecriticscorner.com/movies/junkyard_dog.html. Accessed 18 Aug. 2009.

*TV SHOWS*

  • TV shows: broadcast (or DVR)
    • “Episode.” Show. Network, Station Call Letters, City, air date.
    • “Home Again.” The X-Files. Fox, WOLF, Wilkes-Barre, 8 Feb. 2016.
  • TV shows on DVD/Blu-Ray:
    • “Episode.” Show, other contributor (created, directed, written) by First Last, DVD Distributor, DVD release date, disc number.
    • “Home.” The X-Files: Season 4, directed by Kim Manners, 20th Century Fox, 2002, disc 1.
    • the original air date is optional, after the episode
  • TV shows on ISS: (Hulu, Amazon Prime, Netflix, Google Play)
    • like Database: 2 containers
      • original publishing information
      • ISS information
    • “Episode.” Show, created by, performance by, season #, episode #, Producer/Distributor, Date of Production. ISS, URL.
    • “The Mikado.” Millennium, created by Chris Carter, performance by Lance Henriksen, season 2, episode 13, 6 Feb. 1998. Netflix, www.netflix.com/fb35%mm?2.

*MUSIC*

  • SONG:
    • Artist Last, First. “Song.” CD, Record Label, release date.
    • Money, Eddie. "She Takes My Breath Away." Right Here, Columbia, 1991.
  • CD, ALBUM:
    • Artist Last, First. CD, Record Label, release date.
    • Money, Eddie. Right Here, Columbia, 1991.
  • E-MUSIC: (digital music services such as Spotify, iTunes)
    • like databases: 2 containers
      • original publishing information
      • digital music service
    • Artist Last, First. “Song.” CD, Record Label, release date. Digital Music Service Name, URL.
    • Money, Eddie. "She Takes My Breath Away." Right Here, Columbia, 1991. Spotify, open.spotify.com/track/98484LGJKF.

YOU TUBE VIDEOS
  • like an article with "other contributor"
  • Author. “Title.” Site, contributor, date, URL.
  • Author. “Title.” You Tube, uploaded by First Last (“other contributor”), date, URL.

  • If author = uploader, then use the person's name as only the author & do not repeat the name as the uploader

 

INTERNET STREAMING SERVICES
  • INTERNET STREAMING SERVICE: TV show or Movie:
  • ISS such as Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime, Google Play, HBO Go
  • *like databases with 2 Containers
    • original
    • ISS (italicized + comma + URL.)
      • [if watched on a smart TV, then do not use the URL]
  • TV SHOW:
    • “Episode.” Show, created by, performance by, season #, episode #, Producer/Distributor, Date of Production. ISS, URL.
    • “The Mikado.” Millennium, created by Chris Carter, performance by Lance Henriksen, season 2, episode 13, 6 Feb. 1998. Netflix, www.netflix.com/fb35%mm?2.
  • MOVIE:
    • Movie. Directed by, performance by, Distributor, date of release. ISS, URL.
    • Aliens. Directed by James Cameron, performances by Sigourney Weaver and Lance Henriksen, Twentieth Century Fox, 18 July 1986. Netflix, www.netflix.com/jc8488ft%aa86.

 

EMAILS, BLOGS, TWEETS, COMMENTS
  • EMAIL:
    • Author/Sender Last, First. “Title.” Received by First Last, Date Sent.
    • title= from Subject Line
    • Moore, Charlie. "About Class Today." Received by Darlene Merriman, 2 Mar. 1990.
  • BLOG:
    • Blog = same as Web article:
    • Last, First. “Article.” Site, Publisher, Date of Post, URL. Access date.
      • if the author’s given name is known, place it in [brackets] after the screen name
    • Grammar, Darth. "I Find Your Lack of Commas very Disturbing." BlogFest, 31 Aug. 2016, www.blogfest.com/DarthGrammar/ commas. Accessed 1 Sept. 2016.
  • TWEET:
    • same as Web Article but…
    • User Name. “Title.” Twitter, date of post, time of post, URL. Access date.
      • title = entire tweet, capitalize 1st word only (& any proper nouns)
      • a.m. and p.m. = with periods, 1 space after the numbers
    • @grammargeek. "Commas don't join; it's not their job." Twitter, 22 May 2013, 8:33 a.m., twitter.com/grammargeek/status/429344.
  • COMMENT: (on Web site or Article):
    • add the phrase Comment on before the "Article Title" (but not inside the Quotation Marks)
    • Username. Comment on “Article Title.” Site, Publisher, date of post, time of post, URL. Access date.
    • NetTroll69. Comment on "Shakespeare for Millennials." Shakespeare2K, 17 June 2008, 2:22 a.m., www. shake2k.net/millennials.

*BLOGS*

Should OR shouldn't writers of formal academic essays use blogs as sources?

  • Since ETHOS is always a concern when selecting sources for college-level essays, ask yourself:

    • Is it a professional blog - from a credible newspaper?

    • Or is it just some opinionated person with a computer spouting her/his personal beliefs to anyone who will listen (read)?

    • Is its material relevant to your topic or angle on the topic?

    • Are there far more credible, reliable sources for this information?

  • In the end, remember that using tainted sources taints your essay - fruit of the poisonous tree.

 

PERSONAL INTERVIEWS
  • PERSONAL INTERVIEWS:
    • Interviewed Last, First. Personal interview. Date of interview.
    • Shakespeare, William. Personal interview. 23 Apr. 1609.
  • Published Interview –
    • Interviewer Last, First. Interview with Interviewed First Last. Source, date of publication, location.
    • Greene, Robert. Interview with William Shakespeare. An Upstart Crow, 3 Sept. 1592, pp.2-4.

PODCASTS
  • PODCASTS:
  • Author (if available). “Title.” Site Name, Publisher, date, URL. Access date.
  • Wernicke, Sebastian. “Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics (about TEDTalks).” TED, TED Conferences, Feb. 2010, www.ted.com/talks/lies_damned_lies_and_statistics_about_tedtalks. Accessed 2 Feb. 2016.
  • from OWL—
  • “Best of Not My Job Musicians.” Wait Wait…Don’t Tell Me! NPR, 4 June 2016, www.npr.org/podcasts/344098539/wait-wait-don-t-tell-me.

LIVE PERFORMANCES
  • LIVE PERFORMANCES:
  • lectures, speeches, productions, performances, keynote addresses, conference presentations
    • or any other unusual type of source:  transcript, post-production discussion
  • Speaker Last, First. "Title of the Speech." Conference (or meeting),  Organization, date, Location (venue, its city). Descriptor.
    • descriptors = Address, Lecture, Reading, Keynote Speech, Guest Lecture, Conference Presentation
  • Stephens, Robert. “Siri-ous Writing.” Writing for Millennials, Writing Teachers Conference, 7 Jan. 2016, NoTell Motel, Way Out, WY. Keynote Address.

  • Gregory, House. "Idiots!" DrHouse.com, 5 May 2010. Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital, Princeton. Lecture.

DIGITAL FILES
  • DIGITAL FILES: (PDFs, MP3s, JPEGs)
  • cite as normally would for that type of source
  • + digital file format after the period
    • digital format = PDF, JPEG file, Microsoft Word file, MP3
  • Stephens, Robert. “Yoda Teaches Shakespeare.” ShakespeareU, Globe UP, 2005. Microsoft Word file.

ANTHOLOGIZED WORKS
  • just like a Book
  • Author [Last, First]. “Work’s Title.” Anthology, edited by First Last, Publisher, Year of Publication, pages.

  • *if you are referencing the anthology itself - the entire book -
  • Last, First editor. Anthology Title. Publisher, date.

 

ADVERTISEMENTS
  • treat these just like ARTICLES in Newspaper, Magazine, Web Site, Book--
  • Advertiser. "Advertisement Title [if available]." Newspaper Name [add City if necessary], date of post, [add edition if necessary], page number.
  • Advertiser. "Advertisement Title [if available]." Magazine Name, Source, Publisher, Date, page number.
  • Advertiser. "Advertisement Title [if available]." Site Name, Site Publisher [if necessary], date of post, URL. Access date.
  • ON TV or RADIO:
  • Advertiser. "Advertisement Title [if available]." Radio Show, Station Call Letters, City, Air Date.
  • Advertiser. "Advertisement Title [if available]." Station Call Letters, Network, City, Air Date.

COMICS, CARTOONS
  • CARTOONS & COMIC STRIPS:
  • from a BOOK:
    • just like a "regular" book
    • Last, First. "Cartoon Title." [if available] Book Title, Publisher, date of release, page numbers.
    • Watterson, Bill. The Indispensible Calvin and Hobbes. Andrews McMeel, 1992, 197.
  • from a NEWSPAPER:
    • just like a "regular" newspaper article
    • Last, First. "Cartoon Title." Newspaper Name [add City if necessary], date of post, [add edition if necessary], page number.
    • Watterson, Bill. "Calvin and Hobbes." Daily Paper [WayOut, WY], 4 July 1991, special edition, p. C5.
  • from a MAGAZINE:
    • just like a "regular" magazine article
    • Last, First. "Cartoon Title." Magazine Name, date of post, page number.
    • Watterson, Bill. "Calvin and Hobbes." Cartoons & Comics, 12 Dec. 2012, p. 23.
  • from a WEB SITE:
    • just like a "regular" Web site article
    • Last, First. "Cartoon Title." Site Name, Site Publisher [if necessary], date of post, URL.
    • Watterson, Bill. "Calvin and Hobbes."Calvin and Hobbes 4evr, Jayne Smith, 2001, www.calvin-hobbes4evr/094234. Accessed 5  May 2005.

 
 

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