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COMMON
KNOWLEDGE:
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“Common knowledge includes information
widely available in reference works,
such as basic biographical facts about
prominent persons and the dates and
circumstances of major historical
events” (MLA 10).
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this
does get a bit confusing:
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of
course, if you are ever unsure if you
need to cite, it is better to err on the
side of caution...& CITE
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PLAGIARISM & COMMON KNOWLEDGE.PPT (.pdf)
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*Cite IMMEDIATELY, not EVENTUALLY* |
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Cite the
sentence sentence of borrowed information.
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Do NOT
cite an entire paragraph:
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Which
sentence has the borrowed info?
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Which
ideas come from you & which come from
the source?
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What
if you have info coming from different
locations within that source?
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What
if you have multiple sources within that
paragraph?
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SO...
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every time
you borrow information
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cite it
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immediately after that sentence
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Quotation Marks + space +
Parentheses + Period |
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NAME:
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PERIOD:
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Author’s Last Name
+
space
+
Page Number |
*CORE ELEMENTS*
(1)
AUTHOR
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just the Last Name
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(when not used in the Lead-In
Expression)
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(2)
PAGE NUMBER
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no
“p.” or “pp” for page numbers
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just the numeral
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found in print versions of
books, magazines, journals,
newspapers
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seen onscreen with numbered
pages, .pdf files
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*EXAMPLE* |
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(Smith 679).
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*no punctuation between
elements…ordinarily
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*BONUS INFO*
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Sometimes it is
necessary to add more information than just
these basics.
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What if your source has no author?
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What if you have more than 1 source by that
author?
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What if you have more than 1 Smith on your
WC page?
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What if you have more than 1 article from
that site?
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How
will readers be able to make sense of your
citation?
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Paragraph 6 in which Smith article?
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Is 'Causes' in Jayne Smith's or Roger
Smith's article?
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Page 52 in which CDC article?
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This is when you need to
add "bonus info" into your in-text citation.
*(a) Bonus Info: AUTHORS*
0 AUTHORS
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use the
"Article Title" |
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when a
source has
NO AUTHOR—
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use the
next item in the Bibliographic
Citation
(the Works Cited page entry)
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usually it is the
“Article Title”
(but could be the
Book Title)
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the title can be
shortened/truncated if it is too
long
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(*as long as it does not
create confusion with
another title)
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EXAMPLE:
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(“The Causes and Effects of
Fibromyalgia” 45).
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(Neurological Disorders
462).
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*keep the "quotation
marks" around article
titles
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*keep the italics
of the book title
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2 AUTHORS
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add the 2nd
author's Last Name |
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when
a source has
2
AUTHORS--
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Last Name + and + Last Name
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(not an ampersand -- &)
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EXAMPLE:
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(Lewis and Clark 557).
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(Martin and Lewis 2).
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3+ AUTHORS
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add et al. |
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when a source has
3 or
more AUTHORS--
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Last
Name of the 1st author
indicated in the source + et
al.
(“and others”)
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the
“al” needs a period after it
because it is an
abbreviation
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EXAMPLE:
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(Jeter, et al. 2).
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(Fouts,
et al. 14).
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2 + WORKS
by the SAME AUTHOR
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add the
"Article Title"
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when you have
2 or more Works by the SAME
AUTHOR--
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Last Name + comma +
Source
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EXAMPLE:
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(Loman, “Causes of
Depression” 213).
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(Loman, “Overcoming
Depression” 89).
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2 + WORKS
w/o AUTHORS
from the
SAME SOURCE
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add the
Site Name
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when you have
2 or more Works that do NOT
have authors from the SAME SITE
or SOURCE--
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"Article Title" + comma,
inside the QM + Source
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EXAMPLE:
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("Gluttony," 7DeadlySins.org,
par.2).
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("Avarice,"
7DeadlySins.org, par.9).
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2+ AUTHORS
with the SAME LAST NAME
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add the 1st
initial |
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when you have
2 or more AUTHORS with the
SAME LAST NAME--
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1st initial + period +
Last Name
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(use the full 1st name
if the initials are the
same)
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EXAMPLE:
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(B. Clinton 98).
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(H. Clinton 114).
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*(b) Bonus Info:
Locators*
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Since readers often
need to find the
original of a thought or quote & its original context, they need to be able to find,
easily
and quickly, where it is located in the source document.
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SO
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To
accomplish this, we place
page
numbers
-- as shown above -- in the parenthetical citation
to help readers painlessly find the original, without having to read
the entire source.
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BUT
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If no
page numbers appear in or on the original – and this is particularly
the case with electronic sources such as
Web sites – then
you cannot rely upon the page numbers supplied by the printers
because each printer’s settings are different.
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SO
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Thus, you will
use some other locator -- such as
*NO PAGE NUMBERS*
PARAGRAPH NUMBERS
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numbered onscreen
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Last Name + comma + par.#
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EXAMPLE:
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(Smith and Wesson, par.5).
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(Smith and Wesson,
pars.1-3).
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CHAPTERS, SECTIONS, PARTS, BOOKS
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numbered onscreen
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Last Name + comma + ch.#
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Last Name + comma + sec.#
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Last Name + comma + pt.#
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Last Name + comma + bk.#
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EXAMPLE:
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(Thompson, ch.2).
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(Ruger, secs.7-8).
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(Colt, pts.44-45).
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(Winchester, bk.9).
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VIDEO TIME CODES
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for audio or video
TIME-BASED MEDIA,
use the TIME CODE
for the location
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videos, movies, podcasts
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songs, recorded lectures
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hour + colon + minute + colon +
second
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EXAMPLE:
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(Fight Club
00:54:23).
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(Durden 01:32:48).
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*NO NUMBERED LOCATION INDICATORS*
NO NUMBERED LOCATIONS
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instead, describe the location
in the
LEAD-IN EXPRESSION
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EXAMPLE:
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In the third paragraph of
Ebert’s review, ….
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Under the subheading
‘Symptoms,’….
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*BASIC IN-TEXT
CITATION SET UP*
SOURCE with
an AUTHOR |
SOURCE
without an AUTHOR |
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(Smith 241).
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(Smith, par.3).
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(Smith,
ch.19).
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("Anorexia Nervosa" 648).
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("Anorexia Nervosa," par.8).
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("Anorexia Nervosa," ch.7).
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Basic PC
info =
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Bonus PC
Info =
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"Article Title" (in lieu
of author)
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numbers of paragraphs, chapters, books, parts, sections
(in lieu of page numbers)
**The
1st
item (correctly) on the
Works Cited page
= The
1st
item in the
Parenthetical Citation** |
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BIBLE |
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italicize the version
name
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do NOT italicize books of the
Bible
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abbreviate the Book Title +
period after an abbrev.
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no
abbreviations for “chapter” or
“verse”
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Version Name + comma + Bk. Title
+ period (abbreviation) +
chapter + period + verse/s
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EXAMPLE:
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(LeBron James Version,
Rev. 23.23).
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(New Boring Sanitized
Version, Gen. 1.1-3).
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the
1st time
you cite from the Bible, you
must include the
specific version
you are
using
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some versions include the KJV, New King
James Version, New American Standard
Version, New International Version, New
Living Translation, English Standard
Version, Wycliffe New Testament
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and that's just a few of those printed in
English!
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(King James Version, Rom. 8.28-29).
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for all
subsequent
citations
from that
particular version of the Bible, you do
not need this addition
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(Ezek. 1.5-10).
MLA Abbreviations for Books of the Bible: |
*Do NOT underline or
italicize books of the Bible*
OLD TESTAMENT |
NEW TESTAMENT |
Gen. |
Genesis |
Eccles. |
Ecclesiastes |
Exod. |
Exodus |
Song of Sol. (also Cant.) |
Song of Solomon (also
Canticles) |
Lev. |
Leviticus |
Isa. |
Isaiah |
Num. |
Numbers |
Jer. |
Jeremiah |
Deut. |
Deuteronomy |
Lam. |
Lamentations |
Josh. |
Joshua |
Ezek. |
Ezekiel |
Judg. |
Judges |
Dan. |
Daniel |
Ruth |
Ruth |
Hos. |
Hosea |
1 Sam. |
1 Samuel |
Joel |
Joel |
2 Sam. |
2 Samuel |
Amos |
Amos |
1 Kings |
1 Kings |
Obad. |
Obadiah |
2 Kings |
2 Kings |
Jon. |
Jonah |
1 Chron. |
1 Chronicles |
Mic. |
Micah |
2 Chron. |
2 Chronicles |
Nah. |
Nahum |
Ezra |
Ezra |
Hab. |
Habakkuk |
Neh. |
Nehemiah |
Zeph. |
Zephaniah |
Esth. |
Esther |
Hag. |
Haggai |
Job |
Job |
Zech. |
Zechariah |
Ps. |
Psalms |
Mal. |
Malachi |
Prov. |
Proverbs |
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Matt. |
Matthew |
1 Tim. |
1 Timothy |
Mark |
Mark |
2 Tim. |
2 Timothy |
Luke |
Luke |
Tit. |
Titus |
John |
John |
Phil. |
Philemon |
Acts |
Acts |
Heb. |
Hebrews |
Rom. |
Romans |
Jas. |
James |
1 Cor. |
1 Corinthians |
1 Pet. |
1 Peter |
2 Cor. |
2 Corinthians |
2 Pet. |
2 Peter |
Gal. |
Galatians |
1 John |
1 John |
Eph. |
Ephesians |
2 John |
2 John |
Phil. |
Philippians |
3 John |
3John |
Col. |
Colossians |
Jude |
Jude |
1 Thess. |
1 Thessalonians |
Rev. (also Apoc.) |
Revelation (also Apocalypse) |
2 Thess. |
2 Thessalonians |
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ANTHOLOGIZED WORKS:
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PROSE:
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Author +
space + page number + semicolon
+ additional ID info (chapter,
section, act,…)(each separated by a comma)
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(O’Connor
239; pt.4).
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(Roberts
611; ch.2, sect.4).
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VERSE, POETRY:
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no page
numbers
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Work
+ space + division (act, scene, canto, book, part) + period
+ line number
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line
number—
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(Macbeth
5.5.19-28).
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(Odyssey
2.111 ).
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(Crane
5-13).
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*BUT*
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if an
anthologized work has no line
numbers in it
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then use
the page number
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(Roberts
192).
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if the
work is a 1-page poem
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BONUS
INFO
for In-Text Citations of Anthologized Works:
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Author +
page number + semicolon + divisions with commas (if those
divisions are numbered)
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(Smith
193; ch.2, sec.7).
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