WORKS CITED BASICS

• NO NUMBERS:

  • do NOT number the citations, like a list

WEB SITES

(non-periodical Web publications)

Author. “Article.” Site Name. Sponsor/Publisher, Date of Post. Medium.

Date of Access.  <Complete URL>.

Stephens, Robert. "The Tetralogies." Shakespeare Redone.com. SUNY Albany, 15 Mar. 2005. Web. 23 Apr. 2010.   <http://www.ShakespeareRedone.com/ suny/albany/stephens/SHK/tetralogies.html>.

 

•  FIRST AUTHOR’S NAME =
  • Last Name, First Name.
  • * you will alphabetize by the first letter of this author’s last name
• MORE THAN 1 WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR:
  • alphabetize by the "Article" (see below)
  • do not repeat the author's name
  • instead use 3 hyphens
    • Smith, Jayne. "Article A." Site. Sponsor, DOP. Web. DOA. <URL>.
    • ---. "Article B." Site. Sponsor, DOP. Web. DOA. <URL>.
• MORE THAN 1 AUTHOR:
  • first author’s name     = Last Name, First
  • other authors’ names = First Name Last Name
  • comma + and
    • Smith, Jayne, and Robert Stephens.
  • if you have 4+ AUTHORS –
    • 1st author + comma + et al
    • Smith, Jayne, et al.
• do NOT include PROFESSIONAL DEGREES
  • no PhD, MD, Dr., Fr.
• place a PERIOD after the last author
• “AUTHOR” includes CORPORATE AUTHORS
  • commission, association, committee
  • any group whose members are not identified individually on title page
  • do NOT abbreviate corporate authors
• “AUTHOR” =
  • editor (ed.), compiler (comp.), director (dir.), narrator (narr.), performer (perf.), translator (trans.)
  • use when there is no separate author
    • when there is a separate author, place this after the Source
  • for these, add the abbreviation after the name
    • Smith, Jayne, ed.

• Capitalize all the major words in the title

  *CAPITALIZATION* ALWAYS Capitalize Do NOT Capitalize First & Last Words Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs (Is, Am, Are) Adjectives, Adverbs Subordinating Conjunctions Long Prepositions (5+ letters) Articles (a, an, the) Coordinating Conjunctions Short Prepositions ** UNLESS they Begin or End a title

  • even if they were not capitalized in the original
  • (see the chart at right)
• if the article uses ALLCAPS, remove them & capitalize as above
• place “quotation marks” around article titles
• place a period afterwards
  • place the period within the quotation marks
  • “Article Title.”

• this is the publishing source –
  • the Web site (in this instance)
  • the magazine, journal, newspaper, or book (in other instances)
• underline the name of the Web site
  • ** MLA suggests italicizing books, magazines/journals, newspapers, Web sites **
  • while this instructor prefers that you underline them
  • just be consistent throughout the paper
• spell it out
  • even if it's an abbreviation
  • CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Capitalize the major words
• place a period afterwards (but do not underline the period)

• Publisher =
  • found next to the COPYRIGHT date
    • usually on the bottom of the page
    • Times-Tribune, Inc., 2010
  • if no publisher is given
    • N.p.,
    • (for "no publisher")
• truncate publishers’ names
  • omit articles (a, an, the)
  • omit business words (Inc., Corp., Co.)
  • omit descriptive words (Books, House, Press, Publishers, & Sons)
  • abbreviate university presses (Oxford UP, U. of Nevada)
  • shorten names (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich --> Harcourt, WW Norton --> Norton)
• if no publisher or sponsor is available –
  • use N.p.
  • (for “no publisher”)
• place a comma afterwards

• DOP =

  *ALL DATES* all dates are in this unique format Day Month Year. 21 Dec. 2012. abbreviate all months except May, June, July place a period after the abbreviation Sept. or Oct. or Apr. or Aug. no commas or periods between each item

  • the date the material was posted online
  • the date it was updated or revised
  • the copyright date
  • (the latest date)
• MILITARY STYLE (see right)
• if no date of publication, post, or revision is given –
  • use n.d.
  • (for “no date”)
• place a PERIOD afterwards

• Web (or Print, for hard copies)
• redundant because of the URL, but do it anyway
• place a PERIOD afterwards

• DOA =
  • the date YOU accessed it
  • SO a DOA must be given
• MILITARY STYLE (see above)
• place a PERIOD afterwards

• give the complete/full WEB ADDRESS

  *PERIODS* place a period after every bibliographic item for a Web article this is for e-sources only exception = the Publisher/Sponsor (,) end every bibliographic citation with a period just like a sentence regardless of the type of source

  • ** MLA 2010 makes the inclusion of <URL> optional **
    • their inclusion is at the instructor’s discretion
    • this instructor wants them included
  • copy & paste from the site
  • for longer URLs –
    • hit “enter” after a single slash
    • (only after a single slash)
• exception = DATABASES
  • only the URL of a database can be truncated
  • stop after the .edu or .com
• keep the <CARETS> around it
  • even if Word removes them
• place a PERIOD afterwards

ARTICLES

Author[s]. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical [no period]

Day Month Year: pages. Medium.

Poniewozik, James. “TV Makes a Too-Close Call.” Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71. Print.

• AUTHOR or AUTHORS
  • the same as above
• ARTICLE TITLE
  • the same as above
• PERIODICAL NAME
  • Underline
  • as with Web sites above
  • as with books, databases, magazines, journals, newspapers, Web sites, pamphlets, brochures throughout
• NO period
  • after magazines, journals, newspapers
• DOP
  • military format, as above & throughout
    • day month year
    • abbreviate all months, except May, June, July
  • followed by a colon
• PAGES
  • no "p" or "ppg" for page/s
  • just the numeral/s
  • followed by a period
• MEDIUM
  • = Print
  • followed by a period

NEWSPAPERS:

• you'll also need the pagination for newspapers
  • between the date and the medium
  • use a colon

• some newspapers have editions, too
  • so you'll need to indicate that after the date -

• for lesser-known or local publications, you'll need to identify the city & state:
  • in [brackets] after the name

ONLINE Periodicals/magazine articles:

• Poniewozik, James. “TV Makes a Too-Close Call.” Time 20 Nov. 2000. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.  <http://www.time.com/articles/2000/TV-Too-Close.html>.
• DOP. Web. DOA. <URL>.
• include date of access & <complete URL>….like a Web site
• unlikely pagination
  • BUT if visible onscreen, add as with hard copy
  • DOP: page #s. Web. DOA. <URL>.

REPRINTED material:

• quite similar to DATABASES: 
  • 2 Frankensteined parts: (1) original publisher, (2) recent publisher
• Use Rpt. in to signify a reprint - after Part 1
• Part 1: Hunter, Ravi. "Migration Patterns of Monarch Butterflies." Lepidopterology Today 13.4 (Summer 2003): 322-33.
• Reprint: Rpt. in
• Part 2:   Journal of Science 5.5 (5 May 2005): 5-15. Print.
• Final Citation:

SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

• Scholarly Journal article:
  • Author. "Article." Source = as "Articles" above
  • Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium.
    • VOLUME & ISSUE =
      • no "V." or "Vol." for Volume
      • no "I" or "Iss." for Issue
      • just the numerals for both
      • separated by a period
      • not followed by a period
      • 8.12
    • YEAR =
      • in parentheses
      • followed by a colon
      • (2009):
    • PAGES =
      • no "p" or "ppg"
      • just the numerals
      • followed by a period
      • 43-54.
    • MEDIUM =
      • Print
      • end with a period
      • Print.

• Online Scholarly Journal article: 
  • change Medium (to Web)
  • add DOA & URL

• Volume. Issue. (DOP): page #. Medium. DOA. <URL>.
  • Volume & Issue -
    • no “V” or “Vol.” for Volume
    • no “I” or “Iss.” for Issue
    • just numbers
  • Page Numbers -
    • no "p" or "ppg" for page numbers
    • just the numerals
    • followed by a period
    • if no inclusive page numbers
      • n.pag.

DATABASES

Author. “Article.” Original Publisher [perhaps a period.] Original

Publishing date. DB Publisher, Database Name. Medium. Date of Access. <truncated URL>.

• FRANKENSTEIN –
  • (1) Original Publishing Information + (2) Database Information

• [library information (subscribing institution) is no longer required]
• FINAL Bibliographic Citation =

Smith, Jayne. “Why Eradicate MLA.” Common Sense 1 Jan. 2010. 9-23. Gale, Menagerie. Web. 31 Sept. 2011. <http:///www.galegroup.com>.

• Different Title –
  • Sometimes, databases will alter or outright change the original title.  In that case,
    • add the new article title before the DB information

• Underline Books, Periodicals, Web sites, Databases
• End with a PERIOD.

BOOKS

Last, First. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of

Publication. Medium of Publication.

Stephens, Robert. Shakespearean Tragedy, Redefined. New York:  Bardo, 2010. Print.

• AUTHOR or AUTHORS
  • the same as above
• Underline
  • Book Titles, as Web sites above.
• If the PLACE of PUBLICATION is confusing, unknown, or obscure, include the state, too
  • Oxford, MS (not the Oxford in Canada or in England )
  • Wilkes-Barre, PA
• As above, truncate the Publisher’s Name:
  • Oxford UP (instead of Oxford University Press)
  • drop “Inc.” or “Company” or “Publishers” from names
• MEDIUM = Print
• End with a PERIOD.

BROCHURES & PAMPHLETS

• Author. Title. City: Publisher, date. Medium.

BIBLE

The Version of the Bible. Editor. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of

Publication. Medium.

•  the latter half is much like a BOOK

*Do NOT underline or italicize books of the Bible*

• IN-TEXT CITATIONS & the Bible:
  • the 1st time you cite from the Bible, you must include the specific version you are using
    • some versions include the KJV, New King James Version, New American Standard Version, New International Version, New Living Translation, English Standard Version, Wycliffe New Testament
    • and that's just a few of those printed in English!

• • This citation suggests that the quote from chapter 8, verses 28 & 29 in the Book of Romans is from the KJV.
  • NOTA BENE:  chapter & verse are separated by a period (not a colon) and no abbreviations are required for "chapter" or "verse" (just the numerals).
  • NOTA BENE:  while these specific editions/versions of the Bible must be underlined (or italicized), general terms for religious texts, such Bible, Talmud, and Quran, need not be underlined (or italicized).
• for all subsequent citations from that particular version of the Bible, you do not need this addition

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

Government. Department. Agency. “Article.” Source. By Author [First

Last]. Sponsor, DOP. Medium. DOA. <URL>.

United States. Dept. of Labor. Safe Working Conditions. Washington: GPO, 1988. Print. United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. By Howard N. Snyder. National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 2001.Web. 15 May 2008. <http://doj.ojjdp.gov/ HNSnyder/LEJC.htm>.

• URL = hint:
  • agency.department.government
    • so reverse from the .gov
  • http://www.nida.nih.gov
    • .gov = United States (government)
    • NIH = National Institutes of Health (department)
    • NIDA = National Institute on Drug Abuse (agency)
      • bibliographic citation begins:  United States. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
      • then the typical site material, starting with the "Article Title."
• Government. Government Department/Agency.
  • for example -
    • United States. OR New York State. OR United Nations.
    • Cong. OR Dept. of State. OR Commission on Interstate Traffic.
  • Use abbreviations –
    • Dept. (Department), Cong. (Congress), House (House of Representatives)

• Title.
  • Congressional documents –
    • Congressional Record =
      • abbreviated Cong. Rec.
      • + Date: Page #. Medium.
      • Cong. Rec. 7 Feb. 1973: 3831-51. Print.
    • Number & Session of Congress
    • House of Congress –
      • “HR” = House of Representatives
      • “S” = Senate
    • Type & # of publication
      • types = bills, resolutions, reports, documents
      • (HR 33), (S. Res. 20), (HR Rept. 9), (S. Doc. 543)
• Place: Publisher, Date. Medium.
• Publishers –
  • US federal documents = GPO
    • (Government Printing Office), Washington, DC
  • British federal documents = HMSO
    • (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office), London
  • see Title Page for publisher info

ADVERTISEMENTS

Subject. Label. Source [rest depends upon medium]

• Subject:
  • product, company, institution
• Label:
  • Advertisement.
    • no quotation marks, underling, italics
• Publishing information:
  • Source. DOP. Web. DOA. <URL>.
  • Source. DOP. Print.
  • Source. DOP: pages. Print.

CARTOONS

Artist. "Title" [if one]. Label. Source [rest depends upon medium].

Artist. "Title" [if one]. Label. Source Date of Publication: Page. Medium.

Artist. "Title" [if one]. Label. Source. Date of Publication. Medium. Date of Access. <URL>.

• Artist’s Name:
  • Last, First.
• “Title.”:
  • like an "Article Title"
  • if any
    • in quotation marks
• Label:
  • Cartoon.
  • Comic strip.
    • no quotation marks, underling, italics
• Publishing information:
  • (depending on medium) --
  • Source. DOP. Web. DOA. <URL>.
  • Source. DOP. Print.
  • Source. DOP: pages. Print.

WORKS in ANTHOLOGIES

• Author [Last, First]. “Work’s Title.” [Trans., if one] Anthology. Editor/Compiler [with abbreviated title]. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Pages. Medium.

MOVIES & CDs

• Films and Movies
  • List films by their title, and include the name of the director, the film studio or distributor and its release year.
  • If other information, like names of performers, is relevant to how the film is referred to in your paper, include that as well.

• Movies in Theaters
  • Movie Title (underlined). Director. Performers. Distributor, Year.

• If you refer to the film in terms of the role or contribution of a director, writer, or performer, begin the entry with that person’s name, last name first, followed by role.

• Recorded Movies
  • Movie Title (underlined). Director. Performers. Original Release Year. Format. Distributor, Year.
    • Include format names: “Videocassette” for VHS or Betamax, “DVD” for Digital Video Disc.
    • Also list original release year after director, performers, ….

• Movie Reviews
  • Hard Copy Review:
  • Reviewer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Rev. of Movie Title, dir. Director’s First Name Last Name. Title of Publication Day Month Year of Review: Page numbers.

• Online Review:
• Reviewer. “Title of Review.” Rev. of Movie Title, dir. Director’s First Name Last Name. Web site. Sponsor of site, Date of Post. Web. Date of Access. <URL>.

• Recorded Television Shows
  • Include information about original broadcast, plus medium of recording. When the title of the collection of recordings is different than the original series (e.g., the show Friends is in DVD release under the title Friends: The Complete Sixth Season), list the title that would be help researchers located the recording.

• Sound Recordings (compact discs)
  • Artist. CD Title. Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.

• For a specific song, add the title as you would an article title -

PERSONAL INTERVIEW

• A Personal Interview
  • "AUTHOR" = Person Interviewed
  • "LABEL" = Personal interview
    • ("i" is not capitalized)
  • "DATE" = Date of Interview
    • (military style)

LECTURE or SPEECH

• LECTURE or SPEECH:
  • Include speaker name, title of the speech (if any) in quotes, details about the meeting or event where the speech was given, including its location and date of delivery. In lieu of a title, label the speech according to its type, e.g., Guest Lecture, Keynote Address, State of the Union Address.

• Class/Lecture NOTES Taken By Student:
  • MLA does not have any official rule for citing class or lecture notes taken by a student during a class.
  • Suggestion = track down a source on the topic you would like to reference in your notes.
  • Or, if the item is something that a professor or classmate said that is uniquely their own observation, you should quote them in text without a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence...but with a clear lead-in expression.
  • Thus, you would not include this as a source on your Works Cited page.
  • Just provide as much identifying information in the text itself. For example:
  • In a lecture on 5 October 2004, in a graduate course on composition theory, Dr. Irwin Weiser stated, “…
• Class/Lecture NOTES Distributed by Professor:
  • MLA also does not have any official rule on class/lecture notes that are provided to a class by the professor, either through handouts or PowerPoint slideshows.
  • Because such notes are documented by a party other than the student, however, we would suggest that you include these in your Works Cited unlike other class notes.
  • Simply consider these documents as you would other unpublished papers or presentations, but use the designator “Course notes” or “Course handout” to identify the type of document it is.
• For NOTES that are purchased or handed out in class:
  • Instructor's Name. “Title of Handout/Notes/Slideshow.” Course notes. Name of Course. Dept., Institution. Date notes were received.
  • Seas, Kristen. “Conference Guidelines.” Course handout. Introductory Composition. Dept. of English, Purdue University. 25 Aug. 2006.
• For NOTES available online as PDFs & PowerPoint slides on course site:
  • Instructor's Name. "Title of Document." Course notes. Date distributed (or created, if known). Course title. Course home page. Dept., Institution. Date accessed from site. <URL>.
  • Meunier, Pascal. “CS 380S Week 4: Format String Vulnerabilities and Integer Overflows.” Course notes. 31 Jan. 2007. Secure Programming. Course home page. Dept. of Computer Science, Purdue University. 5 Mar. 2007 <http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/cs390s/refs.html>.

    - OWL

BLOGS

• Weblog Postings (BLOGS)
  • MLA does not yet have any official rules for citing blog entries or comments. But as the technology becomes more widely used for academic discussions, you may find yourself referencing blogs more often. If you are drawing on a blog as a source, make sure you consider the credibility of the Weblog site and/or the author of the posting or comment. Also, check with your instructor or editor to see what their stance is on incorporating evidence from blog entries.
  • If you decide to use blogs, we suggest the following for how you would cite blog entries and comments depending on the author or sponsor of the Weblog.
• Citing Personal Weblog Entries (BLOGS)
  • List the author of the blog (even if there is only a screen name available), provide the name of the particular entry you are referring to, identify that it is a Weblog entry and then follow the basic formatting for a Web site as listed above.
  • Last Name, First. “Title of Entry.” Weblog Entry. Title of Weblog. Site Publisher, Date Posted. Date Accessed. <URL>.
  • NOTE: Give the exact date of the posted entry so your readers can look it up by date in the archive. If possible, include the archive address for the posted entry as the URL in your citation as you would for an online forum. If the site doesn't have a public archive, follow the suggestion under "Listserv" citation.

• Citing Entries on Organizational or Corporate Weblogs/Blogs
  • List as you would for a personal blog, but include the corporation or organization that sponsors the Weblog.

• Citing Comments Posted to a Weblog
  • Follow the same basic format for blog entries, but identify that the posting is a comment and not an original blog entry by the organization or Weblog author. Also refer to the screen name that appears as the author of the comment, even if that author is anonymous.
  • Screen Name. "Comment Title." Weblog comment. Date Comment Posted. "Title of Blog Entry." Author of Blog Entry. Title of Weblog. Date Accessed. <URL>.

• NOTE: Some Weblog sites don't require titles for comments, so you should just list the first few words of the comment itself to provide enough identifying information for the comment.

- OWL

REFERENCE SOURCES

ENCYCLOPEDIAS, DICTIONARIES

• BOOKS
  • Hard copy reference materials -- from books -- are quite similar to typical book sources, with a few differences.
  • Author. "Article (the subject or the word)." Source. Edition (lower-case "ed"). City, State of Publication: Publisher, Year. Print.

Stephens, Robert. "Wireless Telegraphy." Wordsmith Dictionary. 6th ed. Wilkes-Barre, PA: Murgas Press, 2010. Print.

• (although the word "Press" could be dropped from the publisher's name)

• IF
  • you are using a specific entry, place the entry # after the article:  "Wireless Telegraphy." Entry 6.
  • you are citing a specific definition, place the definition # after the article:  "Wireless Telegraphy." Def. 4b.
  • your source has an editor, place that abbreviated title + name after the source:  Wordsmith Dictionary. Ed. Joseph Murgas.
  • your source has multiple volumes, then place the capitalized abbreviation after the edition:  6th ed. Vol.11.

Stephens, Robert. "Wireless Telegraphy." Def. 4b. Wordsmith Dictionary. Ed. Joseph Murgas. 6th ed. Vol. 11. Wilkes-Barre, PA: Murgas, 2010. Print.

• ONLINE
  • Online reference material resembles typical online Web articles:
  • Author. "Article." Source. Publisher, Date of Publication. Web. Date of Access. <full URL>.

"September 11 Attacks." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Mar. 2011.  <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/762320/ September-11-attacks>.

• (if there is an editor or edition, add as the book version above)