|
-
do not
indent line #1
-
indent
lines 2+
-
do not
use bullets (to separate each source)
-
do not
use numbers (to order the list)
-
alphabetize by the author’s last name
|
|
-
alphabetize by the 1st letter of
the Last Name
-
if the
Last Names are the same,
then alphabetize by the First
Names--
-
EXAMPLE:
-
Bush, Barbara.
-
Bush, Laura.
|
|
|
|
*UNLESS that word is a
DEFINITE ARTICLE
(A,
An, The)
-
ignore these when
they start a title
-
& alphabetize by the
next word
-
“The Sad Truth about
Clowns.”
-
Stillman, Jerod.
-
Trumble, Tiffany.
|
*NUMBERS
that START TITLES
-
numbers are
treated as if they
were spelled out
-
1968 = Nineteen
Sixty-Eight &
alphabetized under
“N”
-
2016 = Two
Thousand Sixteen &
alphabetized under
“T”
-
“Save
Baseball from
Itself."
-
“755: Still the
Number to Beat.”
-
Sharona,
Hank. “Keep Cheaters
out of the Record
Books.”
|
|
|
-
consider a prefix as part of the
name
-
consider
the prefixes
Mac
and
Mc
exactly as they are spelled &
alphabetize by the "m-a-c"
& "m-c"
-
consider a
name such as
O’Reilly
as one word, and ignore the
apostrophe
-
EXAMPLE:
-
MacAffe, Sean.
-
McArthur, Murphy.
-
O’Shay, Sharon.
-
O’Sullivan, Mark.
-
Sullivan, Mark.
-
Treat the prefixes Saint, San,
Santa, Santo, St., and Ste.
exactly as they are spelled
-
EXAMPLE:
-
Saint Sebastian, Martha.
-
San Gerano, Sherry.
|
|
|
|
-
treat each word in the name of
an organization as a separate
unit
-
and consider the units in the
same order as they are written
on the letterhead or some other
authoritative document
|
|
|
|
-
ignore @ symbols
-
and alphabetize by the next
letter
-
EXAMPLE:
-
Clarke, Davis.
-
@DarthGrammar.
-
Denis, Guy.
|
|
|
|
|
-
Last Name + comma + First Name +
period
-
Last Name + comma + First Name +
Middle Initial or Middle Name +
period
-
Last Name + comma + First Name +
Middle Initial/ Name + comma +
suffix + period
*REVERSE the FIRST ONLY*
-
EXAMPLE:
-
Smith, Jayne.
-
Jameson, J. Jonah.
-
Williams, Clarence, III.
-
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
-
*no degrees or titles (Dr., Fr.,
Sir, PhD, MD, DDS)
|
|
|
|
-
*REVERSE the FIRST ONLY*
-
Last Name + comma + First Name +
comma + et al.
-
Since “et al.” is an
abbreviation, a period comes
after it -- Do not use a 2nd
period after it.
-
EXAMPLE:
|
|
-
treat these as Authors
-
EXAMPLE:
-
@grammarnerd. “Rules for
caps. in titles.”….
-
Grammar, Darth. “I Find Your
Lack of Commas
Disturbing.”….
|
|
-
any group whose members are not
identified individually on
title page
-
institution, association,
commission, organization,
government agencies, committee
-
EXAMPLE:
|
-
*These next few =
-
YOUR FOCUS
|
|
|
-
collection of works by multiple
authors considered as a whole
(not by single work within the
collection)
-
AND
your FOCUS is on the collection
as a whole (& not by a single
work within the collection)
-
Last + comma + First + comma +
editor + period
-
*do not capitalize “editor”
-
*treat editor names as author
names (reverse 1st)
-
EXAMPLE:
|
|
-
a
work is translated from another
language AND your FOCUS
is on the translation
-
Last + comma + First + comma +
translator + period
-
*do not capitalize “translator”
-
*treat translator names as
author names (reverse 1st)
-
EXAMPLE:
-
*author
of the original:
-
comes after the Source
Title. + “By”
(capitalized) + First +
Last.
-
Weaver, William, translator.
Foucault’s Pendulum.
By
Umberto Eco.
|
|
-
your
FOCUS = on the individual
contribution (as opposed to the
whole work)
-
Last, First + comma + that role.
-
*do not capitalize “role”
-
*treat role names as author
names (reverse 1st)
-
EXAMPLE:
|
|
*CAPITALIZATION*
ALWAYS Capitalize
|
Do NOT Capitalize |
-
First & Last Words
-
Nouns, Pronouns,
-
Verbs (Is,
Am, Are)
-
Adjectives, Adverbs
-
Subordinating Conjunctions
-
Long Prepositions (5+
letters)
-
**EVEN
IF
they are not capitalized in the
original
-
*EXCEPTION
= "Untitled Works" (see below)
|
-
Definite Articles
(a,
an, the)
-
Coordinating Conjunctions (and,
but, yet, or, nor, for, so)
-
Short Prepositions (in,
on, of, up, next)
-
**
UNLESS
they
Begin or End a title
|
*SUBTITLES*
-
If a source includes a subtitle
-
Then you MUST include the full
title in your bibliographic
citation
-
Main Title + colon + Subtitle.
-
EXAMPLE:
-
Fibromyalgia: The Diagnostic
History.
|
-
*EXCEPTION:
-
If the Main Title ends with an
exclamation point
(!)
or question mark
(?),
then do NOT use a colon
-
Main Title! Subtitle.
-
EXAMPLE:
-
“Eureka! We Have Found Another
Earth.”
-
“Should America Outlaw Clowns?
South Carolina Agrees.”
|
*QUOTATION
MARKS vs. ITALICS*
“QUOTATION MARKS”: |
ITALICS: |
-
articles, chapters
-
-
-
television or radio episodes
-
essays, short stories, novellas
-
short poems, 1-act plays
-
photographs
-
blog entries, social media posts
-
songs
|
-
books, databases, collections of
short
-
scholarly journals, magazines
-
newspapers, Web sites
-
movies, TV shows, video games
-
pamphlets, brochures, novels
-
epic poems, plays
-
work of art, paintings,
sculptures
-
ships, trains, aircraft,
spacecraft
-
court cases, compact
discs/albums
|
*EXCEPTIONS*
Quotation Marks EXCEPTIONS
|
Italics EXCEPTIONS |
|
-
Scripture
– books of the Bible, Koran,
Upanishads
-
laws, acts, treaties
-
musical compositions identified
by
Key, Number, Form
-
conferences, seminars, webinars,
workshops, courses
|
*UNTITLED
WORKS*
-
*untitled
poem:
-
most are known by their 1st
lines
-
reproduce the first line as
it appears
-
capitalize only what is
capitalized in the original
-
“When, in disgrace with
fortune and men’s eyes.”
-
“I’m Nobody! Who are you?”
-
e-mail:
-
tweet:
-
Full text, no changes to
capitalization
-
@alienelephant. “I was there
I saw it he did he did -
#Hanshot1st.”
|
|
*TITLES within TITLES*
Source
Titles with QUOTATION MARKS |
Source Titles with ITALICS |
|
-
if the TITLE WITHIN is “normally
placed inside quotation marks,”
-
then keep “quotation marks”
around that title
-
while italicizing the
entirety
-
A Collection of Essays on
“The Cask of Amontillado”
-
if the TITLE WITHIN is normally
italicized
-
then do not italicize
it while italicizing the
rest of the Source Title
-
The Prism Effect in
Shakespeare’s
Hamlet, Othello,
and
Macbeth
|
|
|
-
0
author:
leave blank, go to next element
-
1
author:
Last, First + period
-
2
authors:
Last, First, and First Last +
period
-
3+
authors:
Last, First, et al + period
-
Editor
of Anthologies:
Last, First, editor + period
-
Movie
Director:
Last, First, director + period
-
*do NOT include
PROFESSIONAL DEGREES
or
TITLES
-
+ period
|
|
"Quotation Marks" |
Italics: |
-
part of a whole (“short”)
-
articles, chapters,
blog entries
-
songs, TV or radio
episodes, 1-act
plays
-
short stories,
essays, short poems,
photographs
|
-
the whole;
self-contained work
(“long”)
-
books, movies, video
games
-
court cases, plays,
novels
-
brochures, pamphlets
-
work of art,
sculpture, paintings
|
|
|
-
“contains” a number of works
-
“contains" your source
-
gives information re: where &
how the source can be found
-
7
parts
-
*EXCEPTION:
some sources contain 2+
Containers
|
|
-
your source = part of a whole;
that whole = the container
-
journal, magazine,
newspaper, site, TV series,
CD
-
italicized + comma
-
Shakespeare Quarterly,
Newsweek, New York Times,
-
+ comma
|
|
-
roles other than Author =
-
edited, translated,
illustrated, narrated,
adapted, introduced
-
directed, performance
(either those relevant to
you or “marquee names”)
-
not abbreviated
-
capitalized after period (1st
word only)
-
not capitalized after comma
-
Book + period +
Capital Letter + “by” (lower
case) + First Last + comma
-
Site + comma + NO
capital letter + “by” (lower
case) + First Last + comma
-
Foucault’s Pendulum.
Translated by William
Weaver,
-
Umberto Eco Tribute Page,
edited by John Schmigliessa,
-
+
comma
|
|
-
special edition of a work,
movie, video game
-
version of software or phone app
-
not abbreviated
-
capitalized after period (1st
word only)
-
not capitalized after comma
-
book:
The DaVinci Code.
Illustrated edition,
-
site:
Dan Brown Fan Site,
version 2.0,
-
EDITIONS:
-
revised, updated, expanded,
special editions,
-
numbered edition (ordinal
number + ed.)
-
collector’s edition, or
director’s cut or 7th
edition,
-
VERSIONS:
-
unabridged, numbered version
-
version 6.1.2,
-
+ comma
|
|
-
Scholarly
Journals
often have volumes and/issue
numbers
-
as
do
Multi-Volume Works
(too long to fit in one)
-
VOLUME
and ISSUE
-
vol. + comma + no. + comma
-
vol.5, no.22,
-
or
SEASON & EPISODE
of TV shows
-
season 10, episode 3,
-
(“season” & “episode”
spelled out)
-
+
comma
|
|
-
BOOKS, TV SHOWS, MOVIES—
-
abbreviate “University
Press” as UP
-
omit
words/abbreviations for Co.,
Inc., Corp., Ltd.
-
TV shows & movies often have
multiple sources –
-
SITES—
-
publisher, school,
sponsoring organization
-
look for the Copyright Date
©
at the bottom of the page
-
omit
publisher for journals,
magazines, newspapers
-
omit
publisher for personal blogs
-
omit
publisher for site with the
same name*
-
omit
publisher for “warehouses”
not responsible for the
content or work (*databases,
YouTube, WordPress)
-
+
comma
|
|
-
DATE of PUBLICATION
-
latest date of publication
-
(revised, edited)(most
recent edition or version)
-
*FORMAT
=
-
full
OR mo. + year
OR
year only
-
Day Month Year
-
10 Oct. 2010,
-
Jan.,
Feb., Mar., Apr.,
May,
June, July,
Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov.,
Dec.
-
TV Shows & Movies:
-
year only
-
*if your focus = on the
historical context of the
episode, then full date
-
*DVD sets =
year
of DVD release + comma +
disc #.
-
2012, disc 2.
-
COMMENTS:
(to online articles or posts)
-
often include time of post,
too
-
13 Sept. 2016, 11:47 a.m.,
-
*DATE
of ACCESS:
-
for works frequently updated
(online
works)
-
or, for works with no
visible Date of Publication
-
*after the URL
-
Accessed + date + period
-
+
comma
|
|
-
PRINT SOURCES:
-
Page Numbers—
-
“p.” for page or “pp.”
for pages
-
in a range of pages,
limit the 2nd number to
2 digits (132-45)
-
pp.36-75.
-
ONLINE SOURCES:
-
*E-books—
-
no “Kindle” or “Nook”
needed
-
no page number (as they
vary by device)
-
use chapter # (ch.4)
or part # (part
6)
-
Web
Sites—
-
a)
DOI
(Digital Object
Identifier)
-
*preferred
-
doi + colon + number
+ period
-
b) permalink
-
c) URL
(Universal Resource
Locator)
-
do not use
shortened link
-
do not use
“http://” for any
URL
-
do not use
<carets> around any
URL
-
*break URLs after
single slash (/)
only
-
Live Performances—
-
use the venue & city as
the location
-
venue + comma + city
+ period
-
Palace Hotel
Ballroom, Chicago.
-
+
period
-
end ALL types of sources
with a period
-
CONTINUOUS PAGINATION:
-
use the range of
pages--
-
pp. 44-80, pp.
123-34, pp. 1176-91
-
NON-CONTINUOUS
PAGINATION:
-
use the 1st page
number and "+"
-
pp.65+
|
|
-
BONUS
INFORMATION:
-
*DATE of
ACCESS:
-
for works frequently
updated (online
works)
-
or, for works with no visible Date of
Publication
-
*after the Location (DOI or URL)
-
Accessed + date + period
-
Accessed 25 Dec. 2025.
-
*LIVE PRESENTATION:
-
lecture, presentation, keynote address,
performance, production
-
*after the Location (DOI or URL)
-
use a descriptive term + period
-
Gregory, House.
"Idiots!" DrHouse.com, 5 May
2010. Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching
Hospital, Princeton.
Lecture.
-
*REPRINT:
-
if published previously in a similar
form,
-
you can add
the date
after the
"Title of Source."+ period +
Title of Container,
-
Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Black Cat."
1843.
Poe's Collected Works,
-
if published previously in a
different form,
-
then you can add this information
after the
Location +
Originally published in
+ period
-
Johnson, Barbara. "My Monster / My
Self." The Barbara Johnson
Reader: The Surprise of Otherness,
edited by Melissa Feurstein et al.,
Duke UP, 2014. pp. 179-90.
Originally
published in Diacritics, vol.
12, no. 2, 1982, pp. 2-10.
-
CONGRESSIONAL Bills, Reports, Resolutions
-
*after the Location (DOI or URL)
-
add the
number, session, &
chamber of Congress
-
& specify the
document's
type & number
-
United States, Congress, House,
Permanent Select Committee on
Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many
Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat.
Government Printing Office, 2006.
109th Congress,
2nd session, House Report 615.
-
(MLA 53)
|
*TYPES
of SOURCES* |
*TYPES
of SOURCES* |
|
|
EXTERNAL LINKS |
EXTERNAL LINKS |
|
|
-
Last,
First. "Article." Site Name,
Site Publisher If Needed, Date of
Publication (most recent), Location
(DOI or permalink or URL).
-
Add
the
ACCESS DATE
-- after the Location -- if the no
Date of Publication is apparent OR
if the works are frequently updated:
-
Last,
First. "Article." Site Name,
Date of Publication (most recent),
Location.
Accessed + Date.
|
-
SCHOLARLY JOURNALS are --
-
devoted to a singular subject
-
written by experts in the
field
-
often reviewed and edited by
experts in the field (peer
reviewed, peer edited)
-
with usually higher levels of
diction (jargon, argot)
-
& they
often have
VOLUME
&
ISSUE NUMBERS
-
so in addition to the
typical Periodical
information
-
these will include the
volume and issue numbers --
before the publishing date
-
PRINT COPY:
-
Last,
First. "Article." Journal Name,
volume number, issue number, Date of
Publication (most recent), page
numbers.
-
ONLINE
VERSION:
-
Last,
First. "Article." Journal Site,
volume, issue number, Date of
Publication, URL. Access Date.
|
-
*this will be the same for
Newspapers & Magazines
-
Last, First. “Article.” Newspaper,
date, page number/s.
-
for the page number, include
the section if it has one
-
EDITIONS:
-
some newspapers have
editions, too:
-
morning edition, late
edition, special edition
-
UNKNOWN PAPER:
-
for lesser-known or local
newspapers, identify the city
(if it is not in the paper’s
name)
-
in [brackets]
-
without italics
-
*add the state to the city if
the newspaper is obscure or if
the city name is a commonly used
one
-
Oxford is the name of
several cities in the US
(not to mention the more
famous UK one): MS,
AR, CT, FL, GA, ...
-
ONLINE NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE:
-
typical information + URL.
Access date.
-
Last, First. "Article."
Newspaper Name, Date of
Publication, Location,
URL. Accessed + Date.
|
-
if published previously in a
similar form,
-
you can
add the date
after the
"Title of Source."+ period +
Title of Container,
-
Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Black
Cat."
1843.
Poe's Collected Works,
-
if published previously in a
different form,
|
-
Database or other electronic
subscription service
-
*2
CONTAINERS:
-
the original publishing
information
-
the database from which you
retrieved the article
-
Last, First.
"Article." Journal Name,
volume number, issue number, Date of
Publication (most recent), page
numbers.
Database Name,
Database Publisher (optional),
Location (DOI or permalink or URL).
|
-
ONLINE:
-
without an author:
-
the government hierarchy
is used as the "Corporate
Author"
- start with the
government & then proceed –
in hierarchal order –
through the agencies,
bureaus, departments,
divisions
- Matryoshka
(nesting) dolls:
pecking order
-
United States, Dept. of
Health and Human
Services, Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention, National
Center for Emerging and
Zoonotic Infectious
Diseases, Division of
Vector-Borne Diseases.
- each item separated by a
COMMA
- government = federal
(United States) or state
(Maryland)
-
-
with an author:
-
treat the source as a
typical "Web Article"
-
Last, First. "Article."
Site, Site Publisher [*this
is where the government
comes in],
post date, URL. Access date.
-
PRINT:
-
treat as above re: the
authors
-
GPO:
Government Printing Office
=
publisher of most government
documents
-
United States, Dept. of
Equivocation. Global
Warming vs. Climate Change.
Government Printing Office,
2015.
-
the
Congressional information
may be added after the final
period:
-
United States, Congress,
Senate, Committee on
Overreactions, Subcommittee
on Public Fear. The Mayan
Apocalypse. Government
Printing Office, 2012. 101st
Congress, 4th session,
Senate Resolution 666.
-
CONGRESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS:
-
this
material is considered "optional"
-
and would be added at the end
of the traditional source
-
*after the Location (DOI or URL)
-
add
the
number, session, & chamber
of Congress
-
&
specify the
document's type & number
-
United States, Congress, House,
Permanent Select Committee on
Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The
Many Faces of an Islamist
Extremist
Threat. Government Printing
Office, 2006.
109th
Congress, 2nd session, House
Report 615.
|
*BOOK*
-
Last,
First. Book Title. Publisher,
date of publication.
-
(a
period comes after the book
title because it is a
self-contained whole)
-
no
city of publisher
-
most recent date of publication
-
if “other
contributors"
exist (editor, translator),
add before the publisher –
capitalize the role after a period (.
Edited by First Last,)
-
if
volumes or issue numbers exist,
include them too – before the
publisher
*E-BOOK: or Digital Archive*
-
like a
database:
-
2
containers--
-
Original publishing information.
-
E-book source.
-
ACLS Humanities E-book, Google
Books, HathiTrust Digital
Library, Project Gutenberg
-
E-book name + comma +
URL.
-
Last,
First. Book Title. Publisher,
date of publication. E-book Name,
URL.
-
Stephens, Robert. Millennium:
Poems. UR So Vain, 2001.
Google Books, books.google.com/books9834975-97nv.
-
Stephens, Robert. Juvenalia.
Bad Poetry, 1999. Project
Gutenberg, gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38945/pg432.
-
From
MLA p.34 (book
published online)
–
-
Gikandi, Simon. Ngugu wa
Thiong’o. Cambridge UP,
2000. ACLS Humanities E-book,
hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.07588.0001.001.
-
From
MLA p.35 (short
story in a collection, which is
published online)
—
-
Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Masque of
the Red Death.” The Complete
Works of Edgar Allan Poe,
edited by James A. Harrison,
vol. 4, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1902,
pp. 250-58. HathiTrust
Digital Library,
babel.hathitrust.org/cg/
pt?d=coo.31924079574368;view=1up;seq=266.
*PAMPHLETS, BROCHURES*
-
= same
as books
-
with
or without an author
-
Wylde,
Caliban. The Good Old Days.
Prospero Books, 2011.
-
The
Strange Islands of the Mediterranean.
Milan UP, 2002.
*BIBLE*
-
Book Name.
Version, other contributors,
publisher, date of publication.
-
The Bible.
Version, other contributors,
publisher, date of publication.
-
The Bible.
Authorized LeBron James Version,
CavHeatCav, 2016.
-
The New
Monotone Bible. Edited by Ben
Stein, Singleday, 2016.
*REFERENCE WORKS*
-
dictionaries,
encyclopedias
-
*if the
source is familiar—
-
no
publisher information
-
no volume
number
-
“Term.”
Source, edition, Date of
Publication.
-
“Nice.”
Dictionary of Terms, 3rd
edition, 2013.
-
*if the
source is unfamiliar—
-
Last,
First. “Term.” Source,
edited by First Last, publisher,
year.
-
Rollins,
Fredrick. “Incense.” Rollin’s
Encyclopedia, edited by
Maryann Collinsworth, FirstTake,
2012.
-
*online
version—
-
add the
URL. Access date. after the year
of publication
-
“Hinterland.” E-Dictionary,
2016, www.edictionary.net/search/hinterland.
Accessed 11 June 2007.
|
*MOVIES*
-
Movies: Theatrical Release:
-
Movie Title. Directed
by, performances by, studio,
release date (year only).
-
Eddie and the Cruisers.
Directed by Martin Davidson,
performances by Tom Berenger and
Michael Pare, MGM, 1983.
-
*if you wanted to highlight,
focus on, or stress a particular
performer, you would start with
that name—
-
Martin Davidson, director and
screenwriter. Eddie and the
Cruisers. MGM, 1983.
-
Movies on DVD/Blu-Ray:
-
Film Title. Year of
Original Release (optional).
Directed by, performances by,
Distributor of DVD, year of DVD
release.
-
Casablanca.
1943.
Directed by Michael Curtiz,
performances by Humphrey Bogart,
Ingrid Bergman, and Paul Henreid,
Warner Bros., 2012.
-
Movies
on ISS
-
ISS: Internet Streaming
Service
-
such as Hulu, Amazon
Prime, Netflix, Google Play
-
like Database: 2 containers
-
original publishing
information
-
ISS information
-
Movie Title. Directed
by, performances by, studio,
release date. ISS Name,
URL.
-
Aliens. Directed by
James Cameron, performances by
Sigourney Weaver and Lance
Henriksen, Twentieth Century
Fox, 18 July 1986. Netflix,
www.netflix.com/jc8488ft%aa86.
-
Movie
REVIEW:
-
in print
-
Reviewer/Author. “Review
Article Title.” Review of
Reviewed Movie’s Title,
directed by First Last.
Source Title, Site Publisher
(if necessary), date of
publication, page number.
-
Williams, Sherika. “Another
Racist Movie.” Rev. of White
Men Can’t Dance, dir. Kim
Dullwit. Movies R Us, 31
Apr. 2007, pp. 36-39.
-
online
-
same as above + Site
Publisher (if necessary), URL.
Access date.
-
Lopes, Garcia. “The Junk in
Junkyard.” Rev. of
Junkyard Dog, dir. Sylvester
Ritter. Online Film Reviews,
The Critics’ Corner, 23 Jan.
2008. www.thecriticscorner.com/movies/junkyard_dog.html.
Accessed 18 Aug. 2009.
*TV
SHOWS*
-
TV
shows: broadcast
(or DVR)
-
“Episode.” Show.
Network, Station Call Letters,
City, air date.
-
“Home Again.” The X-Files.
Fox, WOLF, Wilkes-Barre, 8 Feb.
2016.
-
TV shows on DVD/Blu-Ray:
-
“Episode.” Show, other
contributor (created, directed,
written) by First Last, DVD
Distributor, DVD release date,
disc number.
-
“Home.” The X-Files:
Season 4, directed by Kim
Manners, 20th Century Fox, 2002,
disc 1.
-
the original air date is
optional, after the episode
-
TV shows
on ISS:
(Hulu,
Amazon Prime, Netflix, Google Play)
-
like Database: 2 containers
-
original publishing
information
-
ISS information
-
“Episode.” Show,
created by, performance by,
season #, episode #,
Producer/Distributor, Date of
Production. ISS, URL.
-
“The Mikado.” Millennium,
created by Chris Carter,
performance by Lance Henriksen,
season 2, episode 13, 6 Feb.
1998. Netflix,
www.netflix.com/fb35%mm?2.
*MUSIC*
-
SONG:
-
Artist Last, First. “Song.”
CD, Record Label, release
date.
-
Money, Eddie. "She Takes My
Breath Away." Right Here,
Columbia, 1991.
-
CD, ALBUM:
-
Artist Last, First. CD,
Record Label, release date.
-
Money, Eddie. Right Here,
Columbia, 1991.
-
E-MUSIC:
(digital
music services
such as Spotify, iTunes)
-
like databases: 2 containers
-
original publishing
information
-
digital music service
-
Artist Last, First. “Song.”
CD, Record Label, release
date. Digital Music Service
Name, URL.
-
Money, Eddie. "She Takes My
Breath Away." Right Here,
Columbia, 1991.
Spotify, open.spotify.com/track/98484LGJKF.
|
-
like an article with "other
contributor"
-
Author. “Title.” Site,
contributor, date, URL.
-
Author. “Title.” You Tube,
uploaded by First Last (“other
contributor”), date, URL.
-
If
author
= uploader,
then use the person's name as only
the author & do not repeat the name
as the uploader
|
-
INTERNET STREAMING SERVICE: TV show
or Movie:
-
ISS such as
Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime,
Google Play, HBO Go
-
*like databases with 2 Containers
-
original
-
ISS (italicized + comma +
URL.)
-
[if watched on a
smart
TV,
then do not use the URL]
-
TV SHOW:
-
“Episode.” Show,
created by, performance by,
season #, episode #,
Producer/Distributor, Date of
Production. ISS, URL.
-
“The Mikado.” Millennium,
created by Chris Carter,
performance by Lance Henriksen,
season 2, episode 13, 6 Feb.
1998. Netflix,
www.netflix.com/fb35%mm?2.
-
MOVIE:
-
Movie. Directed by,
performance by, Distributor,
date of release. ISS,
URL.
-
Aliens.
Directed by James Cameron,
performances by Sigourney Weaver
and Lance Henriksen, Twentieth
Century Fox, 18 July 1986.
Netflix,
www.netflix.com/jc8488ft%aa86.
|
-
EMAIL:
-
Author/Sender Last, First.
“Title.”
Received
by
First Last, Date Sent.
-
title= from Subject Line
-
Moore, Charlie. "About Class
Today." Received by Darlene
Merriman, 2 Mar. 1990.
-
BLOG:
-
Blog = same as Web article:
-
Last, First. “Article.”
Site, Publisher, Date of
Post, URL. Access date.
-
if the author’s given
name is known, place it in
[brackets] after the screen
name
-
Grammar, Darth. "I Find Your
Lack of Commas very Disturbing."
BlogFest, 31 Aug. 2016,
www.blogfest.com/DarthGrammar/
commas. Accessed 1 Sept. 2016.
-
TWEET:
-
same as Web Article but…
-
User Name. “Title.”
Twitter, date of post,
time of post,
URL. Access date.
-
title
= entire tweet, capitalize
1st word only (& any proper
nouns)
-
a.m. and p.m.
= with
periods, 1 space after the
numbers
-
@grammargeek. "Commas don't
join; it's not their job."
Twitter, 22 May 2013, 8:33
a.m., twitter.com/grammargeek/status/429344.
-
COMMENT:
(on
Web site or Article):
-
add the
phrase
Comment on
before the "Article Title" (but
not inside the Quotation Marks)
-
Username.
Comment on
“Article Title.” Site,
Publisher, date of post, time of
post, URL. Access date.
-
NetTroll69. Comment on
"Shakespeare for Millennials."
Shakespeare2K, 17 June
2008, 2:22 a.m., www.
shake2k.net/millennials.
*BLOGS*
Should OR shouldn't writers of
formal academic
essays use blogs as sources? |
-
Since
ETHOS is always a concern when selecting
sources for college-level essays, ask yourself:
-
Is it a
professional blog - from a credible
newspaper?
-
Or is it just some opinionated person with a
computer spouting her/his personal beliefs to anyone
who will listen (read)?
-
Is its material relevant
to your topic or angle on the topic?
-
Are there far more credible, reliable sources
for this information?
-
In the end, remember that using tainted sources
taints your essay -
fruit of the poisonous tree.
|
|
|
-
PERSONAL INTERVIEWS:
-
Interviewed Last, First.
Personal interview. Date of
interview.
-
Shakespeare, William.
Personal interview. 23 Apr.
1609.
-
Published Interview –
-
Interviewer Last, First.
Interview
with Interviewed First
Last. Source, date of
publication, location.
-
Greene,
Robert. Interview with William
Shakespeare. An Upstart Crow,
3 Sept. 1592, pp.2-4.
|
-
PODCASTS:
-
Author (if available). “Title.”
Site Name, Publisher, date, URL.
Access date.
-
Wernicke, Sebastian. “Lies, Damned
Lies, and Statistics (about TEDTalks).”
TED, TED Conferences, Feb.
2010, www.ted.com/talks/lies_damned_lies_and_statistics_about_tedtalks.
Accessed 2 Feb. 2016.
-
from OWL—
-
“Best of Not My Job Musicians.”
Wait Wait…Don’t Tell Me! NPR, 4
June 2016,
www.npr.org/podcasts/344098539/wait-wait-don-t-tell-me.
|
-
LIVE
PERFORMANCES:
-
lectures, speeches, productions,
performances, keynote addresses,
conference presentations
-
or any other unusual type of
source:
transcript, post-production
discussion
-
Speaker Last, First. "Title of the
Speech." Conference (or
meeting), Organization, date,
Location (venue, its city).
Descriptor.
-
descriptors =
Address,
Lecture, Reading, Keynote
Speech, Guest Lecture,
Conference Presentation
-
Stephens, Robert. “Siri-ous
Writing.” Writing for Millennials,
Writing Teachers Conference, 7 Jan.
2016, NoTell Motel, Way Out, WY.
Keynote Address.
-
Gregory,
House. "Idiots!" DrHouse.com,
5 May 2010. Princeton-Plainsboro
Teaching Hospital, Princeton.
Lecture.
|
-
DIGITAL
FILES: (PDFs,
MP3s, JPEGs)
-
cite as normally would for that type
of source
-
+
digital file format after the period
-
digital format = PDF, JPEG
file, Microsoft Word
file, MP3
-
Stephens, Robert. “Yoda Teaches
Shakespeare.” ShakespeareU,
Globe UP, 2005. Microsoft Word
file.
|
-
just like a Book
-
Author [Last, First]. “Work’s
Title.” Anthology, edited by
First Last, Publisher, Year of
Publication, pages.
-
*if you are referencing the
anthology itself - the entire book -
-
Last, First editor. Anthology Title.
Publisher, date.
|
-
treat these just like ARTICLES in
Newspaper, Magazine, Web Site,
Book--
-
Advertiser.
"Advertisement Title [if
available]."
Newspaper Name [add City
if necessary], date of post, [add
edition if necessary], page number.
-
Advertiser.
"Advertisement Title [if
available]."
Magazine
Name, Source, Publisher, Date,
page number.
-
Advertiser.
"Advertisement Title [if
available]."
Site Name,
Site Publisher [if necessary], date
of post, URL.
Access date.
-
ON TV or RADIO:
-
Advertiser. "Advertisement Title [if
available]." Radio Show,
Station Call Letters, City, Air
Date.
-
Advertiser. "Advertisement Title [if
available]." Station Call Letters,
Network, City, Air Date.
|
-
CARTOONS & COMIC STRIPS:
-
from a BOOK:
-
just like a "regular" book
-
Last, First. "Cartoon Title."
[if available] Book Title,
Publisher, date of release, page
numbers.
-
Watterson, Bill. The
Indispensible Calvin and Hobbes.
Andrews McMeel, 1992, 197.
-
from a NEWSPAPER:
-
just like a "regular"
newspaper article
-
Last, First. "Cartoon Title."
Newspaper Name [add City
if necessary], date of post,
[add edition if necessary], page
number.
-
Watterson, Bill. "Calvin and
Hobbes." Daily Paper [WayOut,
WY], 4 July 1991, special
edition, p. C5.
-
from a MAGAZINE:
-
just like a "regular"
magazine article
-
Last, First. "Cartoon Title."
Magazine Name, date of
post, page number.
-
Watterson, Bill. "Calvin and
Hobbes." Cartoons & Comics,
12 Dec. 2012, p. 23.
-
from a WEB SITE:
-
just like a "regular" Web
site article
-
Last, First. "Cartoon Title."
Site Name, Site Publisher
[if necessary], date of post,
URL.
-
Watterson, Bill. "Calvin and
Hobbes."Calvin and Hobbes
4evr, Jayne Smith, 2001,
www.calvin-hobbes4evr/094234.
Accessed 5 May 2005.
|
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