FRAGMENTS

Text Box: FRAGMENTS

A. SO, THAT'S A FRAGMENT?!:

If something is fragmented, it is incomplete, disjointed, or unconnected;
- only a part of a larger whole is present--
- a piece of the puzzle, if you will.
Thus, fragmented sentences are incomplete thoughts.
Something is missing;
- this something may be a subject, a verb, or, in some cases, both a subject and a verb, depending on the sentence structure.

B. SENTENCE STRUCTURES:

FIRST, you had to become proficient with the parts of speech, especially nouns, pronouns, and verbs.
- THEN, you used that knowledge to recognize, correct, and avoid subject-verb agreement errors.
- NOW, you must employ that wisdom to identify and remedy sentence errors, such as fragments.
As college students, you will compose sentences that range
- from those consisting of single words
  - (a single-word subject and a single-word verb—She studied.)
- to those with groups of words
- (noun phrases and verb phrases—The girl with the black hair and black nail polish studied for her physics test in the cafeteria.).
The more complex the sentence, the more groups of words you will use.
- These word groups are “phrases” and “clauses” and may or may not have subjects and verbs—and that is where problems arise concerning fragments.
Thus, we need to explore these word groups to understand better the various appearances of fragments.

PHRASES

PHRASES are word groups added to sentences to modify or develop parts of the sentence.
Therefore, PHRASES are often adjectival or adverbial in nature.
Most importantly, PHRASES are always fragments because they lack subjects OR verbs.

(A) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES:

These are the most common and obvious of phrases.
They begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun functioning as the Object of the Preposition; those nouns can be modified with adjectives and articles.

about	above	across	after	against	along	among	around
at	before	behind	below	beneath	beside	besides	between
beyond	by	concerning	down	during	except	for	from
in	inside	into	near	of	off	on	onto
out	outside	over	past	since	through	to	toward
under	until	up	upon	with	within	without

Prepositional Phrases do not have verbs within them.
Prepositional Phrases perform adjectival and adverbial functions within sentences.
- Near that truly odd sculpture. (fragment)
- I will meet you at 5P.M. near that truly odd sculpture. (adverb—when/where?)
- The customer with the raspy voice is asking for your assistance. (adjective—which?)

(B) INFINITIVE PHRASES:

For the most part, Infinitives consist of 2 words;
- the first is the preposition “to”
- and the second is the base form of a verb.
- (2 words; first word is “to”)
Infinitives differ from Prepositional Phrases in that Infinitives have verbs.
Infinitive Phrases begin with the 2-word infinitive and include other related words.
Infinitive Phrases can function as nouns, adverbs, and adjectives.
- As nouns, Infinitive Phrases can be the subjects, objects, or complements of a sentence.

Please note
that while they may function as a subject, they do not contain a subject
AND while they may contain the base form of a verb, they do not function as a verb.
THEREFORE, they are always fragments when they appear alone.

To obtain a better job was Maria’s primary goal at the job fair. (subject)
Amanda likes to receive very expensive presents on her birthday. (object)
To obtain a better job. (fragment)
To receive very expensive presents. (fragment)

(C) PARTICIPIAL PHRASES:

Participial Phrases are formed by either the present participle (-ing) or the past participle (-ed) of the verb.
Participial Phrases function as adjectives—not verbs
The teacher, eavesdropping on the students’ conversation, burst into laughter.
- (modifies “teacher”)
Upset by the Sunday loss of his favorite football team, the teacher gave his students an unannounced quiz on Monday.
- (modifies “teacher”)
- (notice the comma after the “introductory participial phrase”)

(D) GERUND PHRASES:

A Gerund is an (-ing) word that functions as a noun.

Please note
In order for an (-ing) word to function as a verb,
it must have a Helping Verb.

Running is Josh’s favorite means of relaxation.
- (no Helping Verb; “is” is a Linking Verb)
Josh’s favorite means of relaxation is running.
- (“is” is not functioning here as a Helping Verb)
Josh was running through the deserted park.
- (Helping Verb + Main Verb)
Gerund Phrases function as nouns.
- Running marathons can be a rewarding challenge.
- Becky’s new hobby involves reading trashy romance novels.

CLAUSES

Unlike phrases, clauses possess both subjects and verbs.
However, not all clauses are complete sentences.
- That is, some clauses are fragments.

(A) INDEPENDENT CLAUSES:

These clauses, as their name suggests, can stand on their independently as complete thoughts.
They can have a wide variety of patterns, but these are the most common:
- Subject + Verb (+ Adverb, Adjective, or Prepositional Phrase).
  - The baby slept (soundly OR within the cradle.)
- Subject + Verb + Object (+ Indirect Object).
  - Julio kicked the soccer ball (to Juanita).
- Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement or Adjective.
  - George W. Bush was the president of the United States.
  - Jeff’s car looks amazingly clean.
Also, Independent Clauses can support those clauses that cannot stand on their own (“Dependent Clauses”); the sentence pattern in this scenario would be thus:
- Dependent Clause + Independent Clause (or IC + DC) (or the DC could be in the middle of the IC)
- Because the professor was thirty minutes late, the students went home.
Independent clauses can also be joined to other Independent Clauses to form “compound sentences” (IC + IC).
- In these cases, Semicolons or Coordinating Conjunctions would join them.
- Jake went to the football game; his roommate, Ben, went a poetry recital.
- Dependent Clauses can be mixed into these Independent Clauses to form “complex sentences”.
- Because he loves sports, Jake went to the football game; his roommate, Ben, went a poetry recital since his professor required all of her students to attend.

(B) DEPENDENT CLAUSES:

Unlike Independent Clauses, Dependent Clauses are fragments and cannot stand alone.
Nevertheless, they still possess subjects and verbs.
1) SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:
- They begin with Subordinating Conjunctions and usually denote time, causality, and condition.
- Thus, Subordinate Clauses often function as adverbs.

after	although	as	as much as	because
before	how	if	inasmuch as	in order that
provided	since	so that	than	though
till	unless	until	when	whenever
where	wherever	while

The most common Subordinating Conjunctions are because, although, since, if, and when.
- Steve acted nervously whenever Lora was around. (modifies adverb; “when?”)
- After the grades are calculated, the teaching assistant will post them. (modifies main clause; “when?”)

2) RELATIVE CLAUSES:
- These begin with Relative Pronouns (who, which, that) and perform adjectival functions modifying nouns and pronouns.
  - Who clauses will refer to people.
  - That clauses to inanimate objects and animals.
  - Which clauses will be set off by commas as nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses (not necessary for the meaning of the sentence).
Steroids that are banned by the league were found in the player’s locker.
The administrator who filed a grievance with the union was rudely received by her coworkers.
3) NOUN CLAUSES:
- Noun Clauses perform the same functions as nouns: subject, object, complement, appositive, object of preposition.
  - They usually appear with relative pronouns (who, which, that) or with when, where, why, how.
- That you forgot your homework is irrelevant to the issue at hand. (subject)
- A good cleaning is what this car really needs. (complement)

C. COMMANDS or REQUESTS:

Commands and requests often look like fragments, but they are not fragments.
- In these instances, the subject “you” is understood
- and may not appear in the written sentence.
Go to your room!
Pass the final drafts of your essays to the front of the room.

D. SO, HOW DO I FIX IT?!

1) Simply Supply What the Fragment Is Missing.
- a) If it is missing a subject, add the subject.
  - I went to the book store on campus. Then bought the required textbook for my Art Appreciation class.
    - (The word after the first comma requires a new subject; also, we could make one sentence with a compound predicate.)
  - I went to the book store on campus and bought the required textbook for my Art Appreciation class.
    - (Here, the subject “I” performs 2 actions: “went” and “bought.”)
- b) If it is missing a verb, add the verb.
  - We trying to figure out the problem.
    - (Remember: In order for -ing words to function as verbs, they must be preceded by helping verbs.)
  - We were trying to figure out the problem.
- c) If it is missing both a subject and a verb, add both.
  - Although I trained for months.
    - (Yes, this subordinate clause does have a subject and verb, but because it is subordinate, it is not the main clause;
    - therefore, this fragment lacks both a subject and verb.)
  - Although I trained for months, I still had difficulty completing the marathon.
2) Hook It Up:
- if it cannot stand on its own (a dependent phrase or clause), then attach it to a sentence that can (an independent clause)
  - NOTE: 2 dependent clauses do not make 1 independent clause
  - (Before the final exam but after role call = fragment.)
- Wondering where his girlfriend was. (participial modifying phrase)
- Wondering where his girlfriend was, Jacob attempted to reach her on her cellular phone.
- If you do not pay attention. (subordinate clause)
- If you do not pay attention, you will not learn the new material.
3) Rewrite the Idea:
- delete the whole mess and reformulate the idea
- Since there was no school.
- Jake and I went to the movies since there was no school.