APA

AMERICAN

PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSOCIATION

I. ESSAY FORMAT

- BASICS:
double-spaced
1" margins on all sides
12 pt. Times New Roman font
- RUNNING HEADER:
top of every page
“insert” à “page numbers” à right justification
“insert” à HEADER à left justification à type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header (in ALL CAPS)
“title” = shortened version of your paper's title
“title” = no more than 50 characters (including spacing & punctuation)
- TITLE PAGE:
include the Running Header (left justified)
Running Head: ESSAY TITLE
include the Page Number (right justified)
Essay Title—
Capitalize the First & Last words
Capitalize nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
no more than 12 words in length
no abbreviations
double-spaced
centered
Author’s Name—
First Name + Middle Initial + Last Name
no titles
no degrees
Institutional Affiliation—
school
where author performed the research for this paper
- PAGES 2+:
- continued pagination (upper right justified)
- running header =
- ESSAY TITLE
- (not RUNNING HEADER: ESSAY TITLE)
- “different first page”
- APA Sample Paper:
  - https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf

II. CAPITALIZING TIPS

CAPITALIZATION in APA:
- always capitalize Proper Nouns
- Titles in References:
  - Capitalize the 1st word only
  - Capitalize any Proper Nouns
  - nothing else
- Titles in Lead-In Expressions & In-Text Citations:
  - Capitalize all Nouns (proper & common), Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs
  - Capitalize all Words 4+ Letters long
  - Capitalize Both Words in a hyphenated compound
  - Capitalize the 1st Word after a colon or dash

III. LEAD-IN EXPRESSIONS

Lead-In (or, Preview Sentence):
- place the Date of Publication after the Author's Last Name
- in (parentheses)
  - Smith (2016)
Citation after a Lead-In:
- do not repeat the Author in the citation
- do not repeat the Date in the citation
- include the page number or paragraph number
  - Smith (2016) notes that APA style is used in the Social Sciences (p. 21).

IV. DIRECT QUOTATIONS

SHORT “DIRECT QUOTATIONS”:
- 1. author
- 2. year of publication
- 3. page number
  - (Smith, 2001, p. 391).
- EXAMPLES:
  - According to Palladino and Wade (2010), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
  - In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted, “[A] flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
  - In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).
  - “[A] flexible mind is a healthy mind,” according to Palladino and Wade’s (2010, p. 147) longitudinal study.
  - Palladino and Wade’s (2010) results indicate that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
- PERIOD:
  - only one
  - = outside of citation at the end of the sentence
- QUOTATION MARKS:
  - at the end of the borrowed material & before the citation
- COMMAS after Introductory Verbs:
  - Intro Verb + Comma + Quot. Marks
  - in ex#2, note the comma after the intro verb “noted”
  - (the “a” needs to be capitalized b/c it starts a new sentence)
- BRACKETS:
  - not used w/ellipses
  - are used with [sic] or [emphasis added] & statistics [n = 41]
  - & with any changes made to a direct quote (as in ex#2,4)
  - “If you must add or slightly change words within a quotation for reasons of grammar or clarity, indicate the change with square brackets” (p.173).
- ELLIPSES:
  - word + space + dot + space + dot + space + dot + space + word
  - 3 dots for omitted words in the same sentence
  - 4 dots for omitted words over several sentences (4th dot = period)
  - *no brackets for either
  - “Typically, ellipses are used only within a quotation, not at the beginning or at the end of a quotation.”
- PAGE NUMBERS:
  - When you have DIRECT QUOTES, you need to include page numbers from the source, as shown in the examples
  - APA Publication Manual says, “When quoting, always provide the author, year, and specific page citation” (p.170). – page # OR para.#

BLOCK QUOTES:
- 40+ words long
- preview sentence (author + year)
- start on new line
- indent the entire block ½-inch ("TAB" key)
- eliminate “quotation marks”
- double-spaced
- period = BEFORE the in-text citation

V. IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Basic In-Text Citation:
1. author (last name + comma)
2. year of publication (+ comma)
3. page number (p. + space)
  - (Smith, 2001, p. 391).
  - *if* NO DATE:
    - n.d. (for “no date”)
  - *if* NO PAGE NUMBER:
    - numbered paragraphs = para.#
    - (para. 3).
  - *if* NO NUMBERED PARAGRAPHS (BUT) with SECTIONS or SUBHEADINGS:
    - use the section + para. under that section
    - (Causes of Fibromyalgia section, para. 5).
- EXAMPLES:
  - After the intervention, children increased in the number of books read per week (Smith & Wexwood, 2010).
  - Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported that after the intervention, children increased in the number of books read per week.
- AND:
  - as in Smith and Wexwood above
  - written as an ampersand (&) inside parentheses
  - and as the word "and" outside of parentheses
- PERIOD:
  - = outside of citation at the end of the sentence (in ex#1 above)

*MULTIPLE AUTHORS*

0 Author	use the “Article Title” or Book Title in place of the author (whatever is 1st on the References page) (“APA Basics,” 2016). *(Mayan Apocalypse, 2012).*
1 Author	Last Name + comma + Publication Year + comma + page number/s (use p. or pp.) (Smith, 2016, p. 357).
2 Authors	“and” in text BUT “&” in the citation (Smith & Wesson, 2016, p. 500).
3-5 Authors	“and” in text BUT “&” in the citation 1st use: list ALL authors (Colt, Winchester, Ruger, Smith, & Wesson, 2002, p. 921). subsequent uses: 1st author + “et al.” (Colt et al., 2002, p. 755).
6+ Authors	1st author + “et al.” (Remington et al., 2015, p. 357).
Online Handles, Usernames, Pseudonyms	treat these as Authors EXAMPLE: (@grammarnerd, 2015). (Darth Grammar, 2016).
Corporate Author	any group whose members are not identified individually on title page institution, association, commission, organization, government agencies, committee then use it as the author in the Lead-In Expression or In-Text Citation (American Psychological Association, 2016). (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2011). if it has a famous abbreviation (CDC, APA, MADD), then 1st time you use it, include the abbreviation in [brackets] after the name in the Lead-In during subsequent uses, use the abbreviation only (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2016). (CDC, 2016).
2 authors w/the same last name:	use the 1st initial (M. Van Doren, 1939). (C. Van Doren, 1960).
Personal Communications	letters, emails, interviews, letters, e-mails, & other person-to-person communication Communicator = Author add “personal communication” + comma include FULL date of the communication. do NOT include personal communication in the References list (D. Trump, personal communication, November 9, 2016).*

VI. REFERENCES

CAPITALIZATION:

books, chapters, articles, or Web pages
capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle
capitalize the first word after a colon or a dash in the title
capitalize proper nouns
*do NOT capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word
- (unlike in the in-text citation or lead-in expression)

REVERSE INDENT
- each source
- do not indent line 1
- indent lines 2+
ALPHABETIZE the list
- the 1st letter of the 1st author's Last Name
- or the 1st letter of the title
  - if the title begins with a definite article (a, an, the), ignore it & alphabetize by the next word

AUTHORS 1-7:	AUTHORS 8+:
list ALL authors up to 7 names	list the first 6 authors + ellipses + last author

REVERSE all author names
- Last, Initials
- use INITIALS instead of first names
MULTIPLE works by the SAME author
- list chronologically
- from earliest to most recent

ITALICS:	QUOTATION MARKS:
books, journals, magazines newspapers, databases	*do NOT place “QM” around articles or essays

do NOT include Personal Communications on the References page
- letter, emails, interviews

*AUTHORS*

0 Author	start with the “Article Title” or *Book Title* (do NOT use Anonymous or N/A)
1 Author	Last, Initials. followed by year of publication in ( ). Smith, J. (2016).
2 Authors	Last, Initials, & Last, Initials. use the “&” (ampersand) instead of “and” “and” in text BUT “&” in the citation Smith, J. K., & Jones, R.
3-7 Authors	“and” in text BUT “&” in the citation same as above— list ALL authors Last, Initials separate each author by a comma “&” before the last author Smith, J. K., Jones, R., Goode, B., Rondell, S., Franks, K., Davidson, M. W., & Stephenson, F.
8+ Authors	list the first 6 authors as above + ellipses + last author. Ellipses = space + dot + space + dot + space + dot + space Smith, J. K., Jones, R., Goode, B., Rondell, S., Franks, K., Davidson, M. W., . . . Roberts, S. A.
Online Handles, Usernames, Pseudonyms	use the Real Name (Last, Initial. or Group Name) + [username]. *drop the "@" inside the [brackets] Job, S. [SteveJobs]. (2011, October 5). Stephens, R. [DarthGrammar]. (2016, September 1). GrammarNerd. (2016, December 31). -- if no real name Princeton-Plainsboro. [PPTH]. (2012, May 21). House, G. [Greg]. (2012, May 22). -- Facebook
Corporate Author	do NOT reverse the name spell it out as it appears capitalize the major words American Psychological Association. (2014). Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2016).
2 authors w/the same last name:	list chronologically from earliest to most recent Bradley, A. C. (1904). Bradley, A. C. (1909). if this author has works in which s/he is the sole* author AND in a group, list the solo works *first* if this author has 2+works from the same year, alphabetize by the title* & then add a lower-case letter after the year (2016a)
Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions Epilogues, Afterwords	cite Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions Epilogues, Afterwords (OR whatever title is used) as the chapter of the book King, S. (2010). What’s scary: A forenote to the 2010 edition.

*PERIODICAL ARTICLES*

Sample (from OWL):
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy

NAMES	Last Name, Initials. + period
PUBLICATION YEARS	inside (parentheses) if specific date, then (Year, Month Day). + period*
ARTICLE TITLES	No Quotation Marks Sentence-case Capitalize 1st word Capitalize Proper Nouns nothing else + period
PERIODICALS	italicized Sentence-case Capitalize 1st word* Capitalize Proper Nouns nothing else + comma + volume number italicized too just the numeral, no “vol.” + issue number in (parentheses), if it has an issue # just the numeral, no “iss.” no italics no space before parentheses + comma
PAGE NUMBERS	NO “p.” or “pp.” for most periodicals just the numerals (use p./pp. for newspapers) + period
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)	if included, place after the page # NO “Retrieved from” use doi + colon (no spaces) NO period
URL (Universal Resource Locator)	if no DOI, then use the URL for e-sources use “Retrieved from” NO period

VII. TYPES of SOURCES

*TYPES of SOURCES*	*TYPES of SOURCES*
Journals Magazines Newspapers Letters to Editors Reviews Books	E-Books Online Reference Books (dictionaries, encyclopedias) Podcasts Databases Social Media
EXTERNAL LINKS	EXTERNAL LINKS
OWL Web site Citation Machine (APA)	Easy Bib Noodle Tools

*all samples from OWL*

JOURNALS	Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13. ONLINE: Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/ 03090560710821161 Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
MAGAZINES	Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
NEWSPAPERS	Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A. ONLINE: Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/ psychiatry-handbook-linked-to-drug-industry/?_r=0
LETTERS to EDITORS	*Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12.*
REVIEWS	Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467 Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book Girls like us]. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/ Zachareck-t.html?pagewanted=2 Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce's critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce's messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self]. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ modern_fiction_studies/ toc/mfs52.1.html
BOOKS	Last, Initial. (Year Published). Book. City, State: Publisher. Stephens, R. (2016). Shakespeare's maimed rites; The crisis of ritual. Way Out, WY: Vanity Press. EDITOR: *Stephens, R. (2005). The Shakespearean tragic crisis. R. J. Schuler (Ed.). Pittsburgh, PA: Steel City.* EDITION: *Stephens, R. (1999). Shakespeare's histories* (3rd ed.). Erie, PA: University of Erie Press.**
E-BOOKS	Electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form AND electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name. For references to e-book editions, be sure to include the type and version of e-book you are referencing (e.g., "[Kindle DX version]"). If DOIs are available, provide them at the end of the reference. De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio? inkey=1-9780931686108-0 KINDLE Books: To cite Kindle (or other e-book formats) you must include the following information: The author, date of publication, title, e-book version, and either the Digital Object Identifer (DOI) number OR the place where you downloaded the book. Please note that the DOI/place of download is used in-place of publisher information. *Stoker, B. (1897). Dracula* [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com**
ONLINE REFERENCE BOOKS (Dictionaries, Encyclopedias)	Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/724633/feminism
PODCASTS (audio & video)	Bell, T., & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science @ NASA Podcast. Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7]. Adventures in Education. Podcast retrieved from http://www.adveeducation.com
*DATABASES*	APA requires no special indication of database info Original Publishing Info + DB URL
SOCIAL MEDIA	TWITTER: Last, Initial. [TwitterHandle]. (Year, Month Day). Twitter message. [Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com TwitterHandle. (Year, Month Day). Twitter message. [Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com Job, S. [SteveJobs]. (2011, October 5). Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow. [Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/fd8fsd98 DarthGrammar. (2016, September 1). I find your lack of commas very disturbing. [Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/090848329 FACEBOOK: Last, Initial. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Facebook message. [Facebook update]. Retrieved from http://facebook.com Username. (Year, Month Day). Facebook message. [Facebook update]. Retrieved from http://facebook.com House, G. [Greg]. (2012, May 22). Idiots! Man did that ending suck. What happened to 'you cant always get what you want?! [Facebook update]. Retrieved from http://facebook.com/49038v BLOG: Last Name, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of the Blog. [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://SiteAddress GrammarNerd. (2016, December 31). Commas dont join; it's not their job. [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://grammarnerd.net/432890324 EMAIL: *does NOT appear on References page